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Mosquito Hunters : (A history of hostilities against man's deadliest foe - the mosquito - since 1881)

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Mosquito Hunters : (A history of hostilities against man

B. K. Tyagi

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The book also tells the story of some of the mosquito species that contribute to human diseases such as malaria, filariasis,dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and Japanese encephalitis. These diseases have played an important role in slowing down the national progress through depleted economy, healthand intelligentsia. The country spends almost 50% of its health budget in fighting against these ailments. Therefore, it emerges that, besides the brutal facts of how the mosquito has insinuated itself into human history, from the malaria that devastated invaders of ancient Rome (Alexander ‘The Great’had reportedly died due to Plasmodium falciparum malaria while returning home after the battle with the Indian king Poru in the malaria infested Punjab region),the story of man's struggle to live with the mosquito, from the early 19th Century malaria-defeat inMian Mir under direct charge of DrSamuel Rickard Christophers, who advocated to Dr Ronalad Ross’s theory of ‘environment sanitation’,to the malaria-deaths of hundreds of rural inhabitants living in The Thar Desert’s irrigated Command Area under the world famous Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana, in the early 1990s,and to the recent panic over the chikungunya virus’ in Kerala, as well as many other States and Union Territories, crippling thousands of people, in 2006, and deaths from dengue all over the country during 2012-14, need to be told to the modern generation of medical entomologists and vector-borne disease specialists to relive the moments of victories and defeats in this vicious age-old battle between man andmosquito. At the end we find that we have only ourselves to be blamed to a great extent for accelerating the spread of mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit; with climate change and increased international travel, mosquito-borne illnesses are flaring up all over the globe.  Catastrophic failures of mosquito control have ensured that worldwide even now one person dies of malaria every twelve seconds.

This book describes, ina mosquito's-eye view, how mosquito breeds, rests, feeds, flies, mate, and dies, besidesinteraction with her natural enemies. The book also deals with the current constraints and future control prospects of mosquito control. In view of the increasing resistance to insecticides and chemotherapy, the book throws light on the subject of greatest promise to ending mosquitoes' deadly assault on man by render them impotent by genetic manipulation by replacing them through paratransgenesis involving micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi.

• Dedication

• Foreword

• Preface

• Acknowledgement

• Glossary

• Prologue

1. MOSQUITO – THE ‘FEMME FATALE’

                1.1.Introduction

                1.2.Mosquitoes are both ugly and beautiful

                1.3.Mosquitoes have some good siblings too

                1.4.Why does a mosquito bite itch?

                1.5.Change in vector behaviour inducing new disease paradigm

                1.6.Intensification of vectorism: emergence of Aedesalbopictus as a main vector of dengue in Kerala State (India)

                1.7.Is it a good philosophy to annihilate mosquitoes?

2. MOSQUITO BODY - MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY

                2.1 Introduction

                2.2 General body plan

                2.3 Classification

                2.4 Life Cycle

                2.5 Mosquitoes’ blood-feeding behaviour

                2.6 Reproduction

3. BIOMEDICALLY IMPORTANT MOSQUITOES: VECTOR DIVERSITY

                3.1 Introduction

                3.2 Biology of important mosquitoes

4. MOSQUITO AND DISEASES – DEADLY AND DEBILITATING

                4.1 Introduction

                4.2 Mosquito-borne Diseases in India

5. MOSQUITOES OF INDIA – VECTORS AND PESTS OF PUBLIC AND VETERINARY IMPORTANCE

                5.1 Introduction

                5.2 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN MOSQUITOES

6. IDENTIFICATION KEYS FOR INDIAN VECTOR MOSQUITOES–4TH INSTAR LARVA AND ADULT

                6.1 Introduction

                6.2 Larval Characters

                6.3 Vectors of Japanese Encephalitis in India

                6.4. Adult Keys

7. WORLD’S FOREMOST ANTI-MOSQUITO CRUSADERS OUTSIDE INDIA – 19TH  CENTURY

8. MOSQUITO TERMINATORS OF INDIA – AN EXTRAORDINARY LEAGUE OF  CULICIDOLOGISTS

                8.1 Introduction

                8.2 The mosquito ambushers

                1 Ronald Ross

                2 F.V. Theobald

                3 S.R. Christophers

                4 P.J. Barraud

                5 Major Idie

                6 S.P. James

                7 W.G. Liston

                8 D.S. Turkhud

                9 T.N. Annandale

                10 J.W.W. Stephens

                11 G. Covell

                12 G.M. Giles

                13 G. MacDonald

                14 J.A. Sinton

                15 P.F. Russell

                16 H.E. Shortt

                17 I.M. Puri

                18 A.P. Ray

                19 T.R. Rao

                20 M.O.T. Iyengar

                21 D.K. Viswanathan

                22 J. Singh

                23 T.N. Ananthakrishnan

                24 M.I.D. Sharma

                25 R. Pal

                26 C.F. Curtis

                27 G.B. White

                28 V.P. Sharma

                29 P.K. Rajagopalan

                30 Rachel Reuben

                31 B.L. Wall

                32 N.L. Kalra

                33 Sarala K. Subbarao

                34 P.K. Das

                35 Senior White

                36 W.C. Sweet

                37 R. Rajagopal

                38 A.P. Dash

                39 R. Rajendran

                40 I.P. Sunish

                41 S.C. Tewari

                42 J. Hiriyan

                43 R.S. Sharma

                44 Kaushal Kumar

                45 P.K. Srivastava

                46 Vijay Veer

                47 Shri Prakash

                48 Jagbir Singh

                49 Reddya Naoik

                50 Sajal

                51 Sabesan

                52 Jambulingam

                53 Ashwani Kumar

                54 S.K. Ghosh

                55 B.K. Tyagi

9. NOTEWORTHY INDIAN DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS ON MOSQUITOES

                9.1 Introduction

                9.2 Dr Ronald Ross’s discovery of oocysts in the midgut of  an Anopheles mosquito

                9.3 JSB Stain for malarial parasites

                9.4 Pupae separator

                9.5 Mosquito Sampler

                9.6 Transfer of Technologies

                9.7 ‘Tanka’ lid

                9.8 N,N-diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA):

                9.9 Discovery of Anopheles pseudosundaicus Tyagi et al.,2009

                9.10 Discovery of Aedes albopictus as the primary and all important vector of dengue in Kerala state, India

                9.11 AlboTyag – An Aedes albopictus breeding preventer in rubber plantation latex-collecting cup in Kerala

                9.12 Coining the term “Desert Malaria”

10. THE MOSQUITO THEORIES

                10.1 Introduction

                10.2 The mosquito theory of filariasis

                10.3 The mosquito theory of yellow fever

                10.4 The mosquito theory of dengue fever

                10.5 The mosquito theory of encephalitis

                10.6 The mosquito theory of Zika

11. MAN-MOSQUITO: FACE OFF

                11.1 Introductio

                11.2 Prelude to the ‘Great Malaria-Mosquito War’

                11.3 The Nobel Prize factor

                11.4 The Italian folly

                11.5 Mosquitoes under suspicion

                11.6 Mosquitoes under scrutiny

                11.7 The international competition

                11.8 Mosquito-malaria world war of priority and primacy

12. MAN’S HEROICS AGAINST THE MOSQUITO – EXAMPLES OF SUCCESS AND  FAILURE

                12.1 Introduction

                12.2 The successes

                12.3 The Failures

13. VECTOR CONTROL AND FUTURE NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES

                13.1 Introduction

                13.2 Need for alternative strategies

                13.3 Chemical-based measures

                13.4 Non-chemical measures

                13.5 Biological control agents

                13.6 Repellents

                13.7 Insect Traps

                13.8 Strategies based on genetic manipulation

                13.9 Integrated vector control strategy .

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