The purpose of the book 'Plant Quarantine-Principles & Concepts" is to provide its readers latest developments and updated comprehensive information on major aspects of Plant Quarantine in relation to diseases, insects and weeds. This book covers the syllabus prescribed by the Indian Council of Agricultural and Research, New Delhi for Plant Quarantine course for several degree programmes a sat various Agricultural and Horticultural Universities, India. The book "Plant Quarantine-Principles and Concepts" explicates essential aspects and is conveniently divided into twelve unique chapters, covering the recent information and developments in Plant Quarantine with respect to the diseases, insects and weeds. The chapters include Introduction, History, Domestic Plant Quarantine, Plant Quarantine Act, Pre-entry and Post entry Quarantine, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Plant Pests and Quarantine, Nursery Inspection and Plant Quarantine, Quarantine Pests and Detection, Strengthening & Modernization of Plant Quarantine Facilities in India, Pest Risk Analysis, apart from which, an exclusive chapter has been included on the Nematodes of Quarantine Importance. Impressive diagrams at appropriate places, convincing tables and suitable graphs / illustrations have been furnished. A bibliography providing the list of references cited has also been included for additional reading. The contents of this book, reflecting an extensive literature search, will be useful for teachers, researchers, students in several departments including Plant Pathology, Entomology, Weed Science, Plant Quarantine Stations / Centers / Units, the State Departments of Horticulture & Agriculture, Commercial Production / Protection centers, Certification agencies, the Import and Export organizations of plant commodities, Administrators, Policy planners and all those who are concerned with the plant quarantine aspects related to disease inducing pathogens, insects pets and weeds.

1.INTRODUCTION 

1.1  Genesis of ‘quarantine’

1.2   Major responsibilities of plant quarantine

1.3  Back ground of Plant Quarantine Order, 2003

1.4  History of plant quarantine regulations

1.5  Origin of International PQ Agreements

1.6 Plant Quarantine Order, 2003

1.7 Plant quarantine structure, set up and policy in India

1.8  International agencies involved in plant quarantine

         1.8.1   European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization  (EPPO)

         1.8. 2  Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission  ( APPPC) 

         1.8.3 . North American Plant Protection Organization  (NAPPO) 

         1.8. 4  Pacific Plant Protection Organization (PPPO)         

                              1.8. 5.  Near East Plant Protection Organization  (NEPPO)  

         1.8. 6. International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

         1.8. 7. Regional Plant Protection Organization (RPPO)

1.9 National agencies involved in Plant Quarantine

           1.9.1 Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage (DPP)

            1.9. 2  National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)

            1.9.3 Crop Specific Research Institutes of Indian Council of Agricultural Research 

            1.9.4  Online plant quarantine services in India

            1.9.5  Problems with the Quarantine System in India

            1.9.6 Some common terminologies used in Plant Quarantine

            1.9.7  Some common terminologies used in Phytosanitary  Regulation

            1.9.8 Acronyms

            1.9.9  Quarantine procedures

            1.10.1   Establishing quarantine facilities

        1.10.2  Plant pathology quarantine laboratory

        1.10.3    Laboratory equipments

2.HISTORY OF PLANT QUARANTINE 

2.1 Origin of the concept of Quarantine

2.2  Origin of International Plant Quarantine Agreements

2.3  International Cooperation – Finding solutions through mutual interests

2.4   History of plant quarantine in India

2.5  Gaps in border controls are related to quarantine alien insect invasions

2.6   Exotic plant quarantine pests and procedures for the introduction of plant materials

2.7 Different classes of quarantine

2.8  EPPO alert list of pests

                 2.8.1  Insects and mites 

                 2.8.2  Exclusive insects

                 2.8.3 Fungi and fungus-like

                 2.8.4  Bacteria and phytoplasma

                 2.8.5 Viruses and viroids

                 2.8.6  Nematodes

                2.8.7  Weeds and invasive plants

3.DOMESTIC PLANT QUARANTINE

3.1   Objectives

3.2  Surveillance techniques to detect quarantine pests

3.3 Perspectives

3.4 Case study: Late blight of potato

3.5   Definitions & Terms

3.6 Review of domestic quarantine regulations

3.7 Technical issues

3.8 Developments in phytosanitary regulation in India

3.9  Mobile application for plant quarantine regulations to import in India

3.10  Public awareness and cooperation in plant quarantine

4.PLANT QUARANTINE ACT

4.1 Laws and Acts

4.2 The Destructive Insects And Pests (Amendment And Validation) Act, 1992 No.12 OF 1992 [31ST March, 1992.]

4.3 The Destructive Insects And Pests Act, 1914 :  Act No. II OF 1914

4.4 Plant Quarantine Act 1997  - In Brief

4.5 Plant quarantine organization chart (In descending order) 

4.6 National Plant Quarantine System for Plant Genetic Resources (PGR)

4.7 Obtaining ‘No Objection’ certificate from plant quarantine department

4.8 Importing plants into India: Processes and challenges

5. PRE-ENTRY AND POST ENTRY QUARANTINE

5.1  Import permit

5.2 Notified points of entry

5.3  Indian framework

5.4 National plant quarantine set-up

5.5  Issues in International exchange of plant germplasm  

5.6  Articles

5.7 Plant Quarantine Produce Inspection

5.8 Pest detection & Identification

5.9  Sample Submission Form

5.10 Imports and exports inspection: Agricultural produce exporting requirements 

5.11 Post-Entry Quarantine (PEQ)

5.12  Criteria for approval and certification of PEQ facilities

5.13 Quarantine inspection/ Release of plants/plant material & Regulated articles at the Port

5.14  Notification of non-compliance & emergency action

5.15 Export inspection & certification

5.16 Import

5.17 Recommendations to prevent the entrance of quarantine plant diseases of major economic importance for banana and pineapple

6. SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES 

6.1 Implementation of SPS measures in India

6.2  Phytosanitary Certificate

6.3 History of WTO-SPS  

6.4 SPS as a trade barrier

6.5 Situation in India

6.6 Obtaining a Phytosanitary Certificate for export shipments

6.7 Considerations for importing

6.8 Phytosanitary certificates

6.9 National Standards and Accredited Agencies

6.10 Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE)

6.11 Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance and Tracking System (PCIT)

6.12  Strategic goals

6.13  National Standards and Accredited Agencies

6.14 Plant quarantine organizations in India

6.15 Quarantine philosophy and practice

6.16 Quarantines, phytosanitary measures and plant health

6.17  Modern laws – Risk analysis becomes a legal obligation

6.18 Pesticide Legislation in India

6.19 Terms used in phytosanitary measures

7.  PLANT PESTS AND QUARANTINE

7.1  Significance

7.2  Important pathogens and pests intercepted on introduced seeds/planting materials at  NBPGR

7.3 International and national level quarantine diseases

7.4 History of insect quarantine

7.5 Some looming insect pest threats to India in near future

7.6 Agencies involved in plant quarantine in India

7.7 Provisional quarantine  pest / disease list: 

7.8  Incidence of some insects / diseases on  crops

7.9 Regulated pests of Non-Quarantine Significance

7.10  Important milestones in Quarantine

7.11 Germplasm handling at NBPGR

7.12 Invasion of insect pests

7.13 Inspection procedures followed in quarantine station

7.14 Regulation of  Genetically Modified Organisms  in India

7.15 Methodology for detection and identification of diseases

7.16 Regulation of genome engineering technologies in India

7.17 Invasive Alien Species in India and Related Policy Initiatives

7.18 Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage  (PPQS)

7.19  Locust swarm in India

7.20  Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in India

8.NURSERY INSPECTION AND PLANT QUARANTINE 

8.1 Nursery inspection programs

8.2 Nursery stock registration and certification programs

8.3 Nursery license / Registration / Certification Information

8.4 Inspection procedures

8.5 Import and Schedules 

8.6 Certification protocols

9. QUARANTINE PESTS AND DETECTION

9.1 Quarantine pest

9.2 Plant pathogens intercepted in Imported Commodities

9.3 Regulated Non‐quarantine Pests (RNQPs)

9.4 Regulated pest

9.5 Prohibited materials

9.6  Restricted materials

9.7 Import Permit

9.8 Quarantine Pest Detection

9.9 Detection procedures 

9.10 New detection technologies

9.11 Detection of insect pests in quarantine

9.12 Internet-based bioinformatics toolkit:

9.13 Next generation sequencing as the new standard for quarantine testing

9.14  Pest surveillance for detecting quarantine pests

            9.14.1  Multimedia expert system of plant quarantine pests identification (PQ- Pick Bugs)

             9.15 Services rendered by pathology division

9.16 Biosecurity implications

10. STRENGTHENING & MODERNISATION OF PLANT QUARANTINE FACILITIES (SMPQF) IN INDIA

10.1 Objectives  and strategies

10.2 Present Setup

10.3 Dispute settlement and jurisprudence

10.4 Plant quarantine structure and policy in India

10.5 New plant quarantine regulation /Order 

10.6 Enhancement of plant quarantine facilities and activates

10.7 Monitoring of pesticide residues at National level

10.8  Import  and export policies

10.9 Plant protection station and India’s quarantine system

10.10 Raising public awareness of quarantine and emerging pests

10.11 Current trends in Quarantine Entomology

10.12 Regulatory Entomology

10.13 Forest pest basics

10.14 Biosurveillance

11.NEMATODES OF QUARANTINE IMPORTANCE

11.1  Nematodes of quarantine importance specific to crop and country

11.2 Nematodes of quarantine significance across the Globe

          11.2.1. Near East countries:

          11.2.2 United States

          11.2.3 Australia

          11.2.4 Taiwan

          11.2.5  Belgium and the Netherlands

          11.2.6  Netherlands

          11.2.7 South Africa

          11.2.8 China

         11.2.9  Japan

         11.2.10 United Kingdom

         11.2.11 Indonesia

         11.2.12 Poland

         11.2.13 Canada

         11.2.14  USSR

         11.2.15 India

11.3 Legislation against phytonematodes

11.4 Challenges for laboratories involved in phytonematode diagnostics

11.5 Nematodes under Quarantine Act

11.6 Procedure for quarantine inspection for nematodes

11.7 Avoidance of infiltration of nematodes / restrict the spread

12.PEST RISK ANALYSIS

12.1 PRA tool

12.2 The role of Pest Risk Analysis

12.3 PRA and International Plant Protection Convention  

12.4 DEFRA's (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) approach to Pest  Risk Analysis

12.5 Action plan for PRA

12.6 Policy for the control of Invasive Alien Species in India and related policy initiatives

12.7 Pest Risk Analysis  in plant quarantine

         12.7.1 Stages in PRA

         12.7.2 Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment

         12.7.3  Stage 3: Pest risk management

12.8 Aspects common to all PRA stages

12.9 Development of a PRA for Phytophthora ramorum for the European Union

12.10  ‘Measures’

12.11 Commodity PRA  

12.12 Options of international standards PRA

12.13 Overall PRA strategy

12.14 PRA- Case studies

          12.14.1  Fungal plant pathogens

          12.14.2  Bacterial plant pathogens

          12.14.3 Viral diseases

           12.14. 4 Phytonematodes

12.15 Weed Risk Assessment

           12.15.1  Conceptual phases in the invasion of a weed

            12.15.2 Limitations of Weed-Risk Assessment

            12.15.3 Indian Weed Risk Assessment system

            12.15.4 The Australian  Weed Risk Assessment  system

12.16 Insect Risk Assessment  -Case studies

            12.16.1. Bark and wood borers

             12.16.2 Helicoverpa armigera

             12.16.3   Wheat Stem Sawfly

            12.16.4  Cereal aphids

            12.16.5   Entomophagous arthropods

12.17 Risk management considerations- International standards for phytosanitary measures

12.18  Risk management decision  and option

12.19 Pest Risk Analysis request form

12.20 Options preventing or reducing infestation in the crop bibliography