Preface

Contributors

Contents

1.Application of Modern Tools of Biotechnology for Pest Management - Prospects and Limitations - H C Sharma
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Genetic Transformation of Crop Plants for Insect Resistance
1.3. Genetic Improvement of Natural Enemies
1.4. Genetic Improvement of Biopesticides
1.5. Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection for Insect Resistance
1.6. Understanding Gene Sequence and Function
1.7. Metabolic Pathways
1.8. Inducible Resistance
1.9. Use of Molecular Markers for Diagnosis of Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies
1.10. Development of New Insecticide Molecules
1.11. Dominant Repressible Lethal Genetic System to Produce Sterile Insects
1.12. Prospects and Limitations
1.13. Conclusions
References

2. Biotechnological Approaches for Enhancing Resistance to Planthoppers in Rice - D S Brar, P S Sarao, Kuldeep Singh, K K Jena and D Fujita
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Sources of Resistance to Hoppers in Rice
2.3. Breeding Strategy to Enhance Hopper Resistance
2.3.1. Phenotyping for Hopper Resistance
2.3.2. Genetics of hopper resistance
2.4. Enhancement of Resistance in Rice to Hoppers through Genetic Engineering
2.4.1. RNAi-mediated gene silencing
2.5. Conclusion
References

3.Molecular Studies in Biosystematics, Phylogeny and Distribution of Tephritid Fruit flies: A Global Perspective Abraham Verghese - M A Rashmi, A K Chakravarthy,
P D Kamala Jayanthi and G Nagalakshmi
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Molecular Taxonomy
3.3. Molecular Tools in Analyzing Invasion History
3.4. Molecular Methodologies in Detection of Gut Bacteria
3.5. Transcriptome Analysis
3.6. Pest Management
3.7. Conclusion
References

4. RNA Interference Research: Current Status and Future Outlook for Utilization in Insect Pest Management Prashant Mohanpuria - Surinder K Sandhu and Ramesh Arora
4.1. Introduction
4.2. RNAi Vector Construction Strategies
4.2.1. HairpinRNA construct
4.2.2. Fusion PCR
4.3. Advantages of Utilizing RNAi in Pest Management
4.4. Requirements for Utilizing RNAi for Pest Management
4.4.1. Identification of suitable target in pest-insects
4.4.2. dsRNA delivery methods
4.4.3. Mechanisms of uptake of dsRNA/siRNA by cells and spread of silencing signals in plants and insects
4.4.4. Persistence of silencing effect and life stages of target insects
4.5. Conclusions
References

5. Bioremediation of Pesticides in the Environment - Balwinder Singh and Kousik Mandal
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Biodegradation and Bioremediation
5.3. Strategies for Bioremediation
5.3.1. In situ bioremediation
5.3.2. Ex situ bioremediation
5.4. Role of Microbes
5.5. Factors Affecting Bioremediation of Pesticides
5.6. Microorganisms in Bioremediation
5.7. Biotechnology in Bioremediation
5.8. Phytoremediation
5.9. Advantages of Bioremediation
5.10. Disadvantages of Bioremediation
5.11. Conclusions
References

6. Microbial Control in Insect Pest Management: Achievements and Challenges - Ramesh Arora
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Viral Entomopathogens
6.2.1. Baculoviruses
6.3. Bacterial Entomopathogens
6.3.1. Genus Bacillus
6.3.2. Genus Lysinibacillus
6.3.3. Genus Paenibacillus
6.3.4. Genus Brevibacillus
6.3.5. Gram – Negative Bacteria
6.4. Fungal Entomopathogens
6.4.1. Structure and Reproduction
6.4.2. Host Range
6.4.3. The Infection Process
6.4.4. Mycotoxins
6.4.5. Role in Pest Management
6.4.6. Genetic Improvement
6.5. Microsporidian Entomopathogens
6.6. Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPNs)
6.6.1. Important Entomopathogenic Groups
6.6.2. Role in Pest Management
6.7. Status of Microbial Control in Punjab, India
6.7.1. Indigenous Entomopathogens Detected
6.7.2. Laboratory Studies
6.7.3. Field Trials
6.7.4. Safety Evaluation
6.8. Conclusions
References

7. Towards Durable Gall Midge Resistance in Rice - J S Bentur
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Plant Resistance and Biotypes
7.3. Tagging and Mapping Gall Midge Resistance Genes in Rice
7.4. Gene Pyramiding for Durable Resistance
7.5. Virulence Monitoring in Gall Midge Populations
7.6. Molecular Basis of Resistance
7.7. Insect Virulence Genes
7.8. Conclusions
References

8. Molecular Markers in Entomological Research - P S Burange, Sujan Mamidi, P C Pathania and Uma Kanta
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Types of Molecular Markers
8.2.1. Restriction digestion based markers
8.2.2. PCR based markers
8.2.3. Restriction and PCR based markers
8.2.4. DNA sequencing
8.2.5 Next generation markers
8.3. Applications of Molecular Markers in Entomology
8.4. Conclusions
References

9. Transgenic Cotton in India: Ten Years and Beyond - Vijay Kumar, A K Dhawan and P S Shera
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Transgenic BT Cotton
9.3. Introduction of BT Cotton in India
9.4. Approved Events and BT Cotton Hybrids in India
9.4.1. Approved Events of Bt Cotton
9.4.2. New Events yet to be Commercialised
9.5. Adoption and Impact Analysis of Bt Cotton
9.5.1. Increase in Area
9.5.2. Increase in Production and Productivity
9.5.3. Pest Scenario on Bt Cotton
9.5.4. Reduction in Insecticide Usage
9.5.5. Economic Benefits
9.5.6. Impact of IPM Strategies in Bt Cotton
9.6. Conclusions
References

10. A Status Update on the Use of Biotechnological Techniques for Combating Insect Pests of Fruit Crops - Krishan Kumar, P K Arora and Kuldeep Singh
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Markers Assisted Breeding
10.2.1. Linkage Map
10.2.2. Gene/QTL Mapping
10.2.3. High Resolution Mapping
10.3. Transgenics
10.3.1. Gene Construct
10.3.2. Methods of Gene Introduction
10.3.3. Selection, Regeneration and Testing of Transgenics
10.4. RNA Interference
10.4.1. Mechanism of RNAi
10.4.2. Status and Factors Affecting the Success of RNAi
10.5. Conclusions
References

11. Pest- Insects Resistance to Microbial Control Agents: Current Status and Management Strategies - Arshdeep K Gill and Ramesh Arora
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Status of Insect Resistance to Microbial Control Agents
11.2.1. Bacillus thuringiensis
11.2.2. Resistance to Dipteran - specific Bacillus Toxins
11.2.3. Entomopathogenic Viruses
11.3. Cross Resistance among Toxins
11.3.1. Cross Resistance Between Cry Proteins
11.3.2. Cross Resistance to B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
11.3.3. Cross-Resistance to Lysinibacillus sphaericus
11.4. Basis of Insect Resistance to MCAs
11.4.1. Morphological and Behavioral Basis of Resistance
11.4.2. Biochemical and Physiological Basis of Resistance
11.4.3. Genetic and Molecular Basis of Resistance
11.5. Stability of Bioinsecticide Resistance
11.6. Fitness Costs of Bioinsecticide Resistance
11.7. Management of Insect Resistance to MCAs
11.7.1. Management of Resistance to B. thuringiensis and its Toxins
11.7.2. Management of Resistance to Bacterial Insecticides in Mosquito Populations
11.7.3. Virulence management of Cydia pomonella granulovirus
11.8. Conclusions
References

12. Biological and Molecular Approaches in Management of Mite Pests - Paramjit Kaur and Manmeet B Bhullar
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Integrated Mite management
12.2.1. Biological control
12.2.2. Molecular approaches
12.3. Conclusions
References

13. Biosystematics, Molecular Characterization and Management of Shoot and Fruit Borer Conogethes spp. (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) - A K Chakravarthy, P R Shashank, B Doddabasappa, S B Kandakoor
and Chandrashekharaiah
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Biosystematics
13.3. Molecular Characterisation
13.4. Conogethes pinicolalis Inoue and Yamanaka, 2006: An Evolved Species
13.5. Pheromones
13.6. Insect Host Plant Interactions
13.7. Bioecology
13.8. Feeding Behavior
13.9. Alternate Host Plants
13.10. Crop Losses
13.11. Management
13.12. Conclusion
References

14. Molecular Techniques as Precision Diagnostics for Diseases and Mites of Honey Bees - Pardeep K Chhuneja and Kuldeep Singh
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Beekeeping in India
14.3. A. mellifera Introduction by PAU: Safeguard against Introduction of Diseases and Enemies
14.4. Bee Diseases and Mites
14.5. Occurrence of Bee Diseases and Mites in India
14.6. Diagnosis of Bee Diseases and Pests
14.7. Molecular Techniques as Diagnostics
14.7.1. Polymerase chain reaction
14.7.2. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction
14.7.3. Real-time polymerase chain reaction
14.8. Molecular Markers
14.9. Steps in Molecular Diagnosis
14.9.1. Sample collection
14.9.2. RNA/ DNA extraction
14.9.3. Designing pathogen specific primers/probes
14.9.4. PCR-amplification
14.10. Diagnostics Developments for Bee Pathogenic Taxa
14.10.1. Bacterial diseases
14.10.2. Viral diseases
14.10.3. Fungal diseases
14.10.4. Microsporidian diseases
14.10.5. Differentiation and identification of acarines
14.11. Advantages of Molecular Techniques
14.12. Conclusions
References

15. Biointensive Integrated Pest Management for Sustainable Agriculture - P S Shera and Ramesh Arora
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Strategies in Biointensive IPM
15.2.1. Physical, cultural and mechanical control
15.2.2. Host plant resistance
15.2.3. Biological control agents
15.2.4. Biorationals
15.2.5. Biotechnological approaches
15.3. Area Wide – IPM
15.4. Conclusions
References