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The present book is the outcome of our studies on mycotoxins during last 20 years on the incidence of mycotoxins, biological activates and their management. However, little information is available on this group of mycotoxins. Therefore, an attempt is made to document the chemical diversity and biological activates under diverse environmental conditions. Exposed storage of fodder and inevitable contamination of feeds with mycotoxins may results in complex and vulnerable situation for mycotoxin elaboration. Management of mycotoxins problem in feeds and fodders is not only problematic but also intricate. In view of emerging nature of tremorgenic mycotoxins, their incidence and biological activities are yet to be established. In depth studies are needed which may unravel many facts facilitating the effective management of these mycotoxins and protect the health of pet animals and livestock. Therefore, an attempt has been made to present the understanding of this group of mycotoxins in the light of our investigations. However, much more intensive and integrated studies are needed to unravel many facets of their biological activities.
Contents
Preface
1. Introduction 
2. Taxonomy of
tremorgenic mycotoxin producing fungi 
3. Penitrems 
3.1.
Producing organisms 
3.2.
Chemical Structure and characteristics 
3.3.
Isolation and Detection 
3.4.
Production 
3.5.
Biosynthesis 
3.6.
Natural incidence 
3.7.
Biological activity 
3.8.
Mechanism of action 
3.9.
Toxicokinetics 
3.10.
Management of penitrems 
3.11.
Future 
4. Janthitrems 
4.1.
Producing organisms 
4.2.
Chemical structure and characteristics 
4.3.
Isolation and detection 
4.4.
Biosynthesis 
4.5.
Natural incidence 
4.6.
Biological activity 
4.7.
Mechanism of action 
5. Lolitrems 
5.1.
Producing organisms 
5.2.
Chemical structure and characteristics 
5.3.
Isolation and detection 
5.4.
Biosynthesis 
5.5.
Natural incidence 
Incidence
and Biological activities of Tremorgenic mycotoxinvi s
5.6.
Biological activity 
5.7.
Mechanism of action 
6. Aflatrems 
6.1.
Producing Organisms 
6.2.
Chemical structure and characteristics 
6.3.
Isolation and detection 
6.4.
Production 
6.5.
Biosynthesis 
6.5.
Natural incidence 
6.7.
Mechanism of action 
7. Paxilline 
7.1.
Producing Organisms 
7.2.
Chemical Structure and characteristics 
7.3.
Isolation and detection 
7.4.
Biosynthesis 
7.5.
Natural incidence 1547.6. Biological activity 
7.7.
Mechanism of action 
8. Paspaline,
Paspalicine, Paspalinine and Paspalitrems 
8.1.
Producing Organisms 
8.2.
Chemical Structure and characteristics 
8.3.
Isolation and detection 
8.4.
Biosynthesis 
8.5.
Natural incidence 
8.6.
Biological activity 
8.7.
Mechanism of action 
9. Territrems 
9.1.
Producing organisms 
9.2.
Chemical Structure and Characteristics 
9.3.
Isolation and detection 
9.4.
Production 
9.5.
Natural incidence 
9.6.
Biological activity 
9.7.
Mechanism of action 
10. Fumitremorgen 
10.1.
Producing Organisms 
Contents
vii
10.2.
Chemical Structure and characteristics 
10.3.
Isolation and detection 
10.4.
Biosynthesis 
10.5.
Natural incidence 
10.6.
Biological activity 
10.7.
Mechanism of activity 
11. Miscellaneous
Tremorgenic Mycotoxins 
11.1.
Verruculogen 
11.1.1.
Producing Organisms 
11.1.2.
Chemical Structure and Characteristics 
11.1.3.
Isolation and Detection 
11.1.4.
Natural Incidence 
11.1.5.
Biosynthesis 
11.1.6.
Biological Activity 
11.1.7.
Mechanism of Action 
11.2.
Verrucosidin 
11.2.1.
Producing Organisms 
11.2.2.
Chemical Structure and Characteristics 
11.2.3.
Isolation and Detection 
11.2.4.
Natural Incidence 
11.2.5.
Biological Activity 
11.2.6.
Mechanism of Action 
11.3.
Verruculotoxin 
11.3.1.
Producing Organism 
11.3.2.
Chemical Structure and Characterises 
11.3.3.
Isolation and Detection 
11.3.4.
Biological Activity 
11.4.
Tryptoquivaline 
11.4.1.
Producing organisms 
11.4.2.
Chemical Structure and Characteristics 
11.4.3.
Isolation and Detection 
11.4.4.
Biosynthesis 
11.4.5.
Natural Incidence 
11.4.6.
Biological Activity 
12. Management of
Tremorgenic Mycotoxins 
Abbreviations 
References 
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