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Incidence and Biological Activities of Tremorgenic Mycotoxins

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Incidence and Biological Activities of Tremorgenic Mycotoxins

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Blurb

The present book is the outcome of our studies on mycotoxins during last 20 years on the incidence of mycotoxins, biological activates and their management. However, little information is available on this group of mycotoxins. Therefore, an attempt is made to document the chemical diversity and biological activates under diverse environmental conditions. Exposed storage of fodder and inevitable contamination of feeds with mycotoxins may results in complex and vulnerable situation for mycotoxin elaboration. Management of mycotoxins problem in feeds and fodders is not only problematic but also intricate. In view of emerging nature of tremorgenic mycotoxins, their incidence and biological activities are yet to be established. In depth studies are needed which may unravel many facts facilitating the effective management of these mycotoxins and protect the health of pet animals and livestock. Therefore, an attempt has been made to present the understanding of this group of mycotoxins in the light of our investigations. However, much more intensive and integrated studies are needed to unravel many facets of their biological activities.


Contents

Preface

1. Introduction

2. Taxonomy of tremorgenic mycotoxin producing fungi

3. Penitrems

3.1. Producing organisms

3.2. Chemical Structure and characteristics

3.3. Isolation and Detection

3.4. Production

3.5. Biosynthesis

3.6. Natural incidence

3.7. Biological activity

3.8. Mechanism of action

3.9. Toxicokinetics

3.10. Management of penitrems

3.11. Future

4. Janthitrems

4.1. Producing organisms

4.2. Chemical structure and characteristics

4.3. Isolation and detection

4.4. Biosynthesis

4.5. Natural incidence

4.6. Biological activity

4.7. Mechanism of action

5. Lolitrems

5.1. Producing organisms

5.2. Chemical structure and characteristics

5.3. Isolation and detection

5.4. Biosynthesis

5.5. Natural incidence

Incidence and Biological activities of Tremorgenic mycotoxinvi s

5.6. Biological activity

5.7. Mechanism of action

6. Aflatrems

6.1. Producing Organisms

6.2. Chemical structure and characteristics

6.3. Isolation and detection

6.4. Production

6.5. Biosynthesis

6.5. Natural incidence

6.7. Mechanism of action

7. Paxilline

7.1. Producing Organisms

7.2. Chemical Structure and characteristics

7.3. Isolation and detection

7.4. Biosynthesis

7.5. Natural incidence 1547.6. Biological activity

7.7. Mechanism of action

8. Paspaline, Paspalicine, Paspalinine and Paspalitrems

8.1. Producing Organisms

8.2. Chemical Structure and characteristics

8.3. Isolation and detection

8.4. Biosynthesis

8.5. Natural incidence

8.6. Biological activity

8.7. Mechanism of action

9. Territrems

9.1. Producing organisms

9.2. Chemical Structure and Characteristics

9.3. Isolation and detection

9.4. Production

9.5. Natural incidence

9.6. Biological activity

9.7. Mechanism of action

10. Fumitremorgen

10.1. Producing Organisms

Contents vii

10.2. Chemical Structure and characteristics

10.3. Isolation and detection

10.4. Biosynthesis

10.5. Natural incidence

10.6. Biological activity

10.7. Mechanism of activity

11. Miscellaneous Tremorgenic Mycotoxins

11.1. Verruculogen

11.1.1. Producing Organisms

11.1.2. Chemical Structure and Characteristics

11.1.3. Isolation and Detection

11.1.4. Natural Incidence

11.1.5. Biosynthesis

11.1.6. Biological Activity

11.1.7. Mechanism of Action

11.2. Verrucosidin

11.2.1. Producing Organisms

11.2.2. Chemical Structure and Characteristics

11.2.3. Isolation and Detection

11.2.4. Natural Incidence

11.2.5. Biological Activity

11.2.6. Mechanism of Action

11.3. Verruculotoxin

11.3.1. Producing Organism

11.3.2. Chemical Structure and Characterises

11.3.3. Isolation and Detection

11.3.4. Biological Activity

11.4. Tryptoquivaline

11.4.1. Producing organisms

11.4.2. Chemical Structure and Characteristics

11.4.3. Isolation and Detection

11.4.4. Biosynthesis

11.4.5. Natural Incidence

11.4.6. Biological Activity

12. Management of Tremorgenic Mycotoxins

Abbreviations

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