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Introduction to Crops of India 2nd Ed

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Introduction to Crops of India 2nd Ed

N.R. Das

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The book INTRODUCTION TO CROPS OF INDIA has been written with (Part-I) Field crops , (Part-II) Plantation crops and (Part-III) Water-crops, for the students of all agricultural universities of India. The post-graduate students of Botany subject of general universities of the country, will also be benefited with this new type of book. Even the post-graduate students of Indo-subcontinent (i.e. India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) will also be benefited with this book. The book covers nearly 600 crops, in 13 chapters where 4 chapters with field crops under (i) cereals, (ii) pulses, (iii) oil-seeds, (iv) fibres, (v) tubers, (vi) sugars, (vii) vegetables, (viii) fodders, (ix) green manuring crops, (x) medicinal plants, (xi) spices, (xii) fruits, (xiii) flowers (including succulents and ornamentals), (xiv) beverage, (xv) narcotics and (xvi) weeds, in different seasons, were dealt with, along with plantation crops , having 8 chapters with (1) fruits, (2) medicinal plants, (3) tree-fodders, (4) beverages and narcotics (5) timbers and other furniture plants, (5) spices, (7) industrial crops and (8) plants for fuel and Water-crops with one chapter. The book has been written in a short format on the items like (i) Climatic requirements, (ii) Soil requirements, (iii) Required land situation, (iv) Importance of crops, (v) Fertilizer management (vi) Water management, (vii) Duration of the crop/plant, (viii) Parts used, (ix) Habitat, (x) Export possibility, (xi) Economic yields, (xii) Economic values, (xiii) By-products and (xiv) Use of by-products, along with scientific names, family, types of plants and parts used, of all the crop mentioned. Of course, Chapter 13 has been written with the earlier format, but, omitting, water management and adding peoples response for use.

PART ONE : FIELD CROPS

CHAPTER 1. WINTER / RABI SEASON CROPS

Introduction

1. Cereals

1. Wheat; 2. Rice; 3. Maize; 4. Barley; 5. Oat

2. Pulses

6. Grasspea (khesari); 7. Lentil; 8. Pea; 9. Pigeonpea (Arahar); 10. Gram; 11. Black gram; 12. Kidney bean (Rajma)

3. Oil seeds

13. Rape and mustard; 14. Linseed; 15. Niger; 16. Safflower

4. Fibres

17. Flax

5. Tuber / Rhizomes

18. Potato

6. Sugars

19. Sugarbeet; 20. Yam bean / Sakalu

7. Vegetables

21. Red gourd; 22. Pumkin; 23. Drumstick; 24. Tomato; 25. Cabbage; 26. Cauliflower; 27. Radish; 28. Knol-khol; 29. Spinach; 30. Beet Root; 31. Carrot; 32. Cowpea; 33. Potato; 34. Onion; 35. Garlic; 36. Turnips; 37. Bakful; 38. Broccole; 39. Brussels; 40. Moth bean; 41. Chinese cabbage; 42. Garden pea; 43. French bean; 44. Custer bean; 45. Lablab bean / Seem; 46. Bathuasag

8. Fodder Crops (Grassy)

47. Maize; 48. Oat; 49. Teosinte; 50. Barley

Non-Grassy

51. Purple vetch; 52. Grasspea; 53. Gobisarson; 54. Berseem; 55. Lucern; 56. Senji; 57. Lablab; 58. Kale mustard; 59. Turnip

9. Green manuring crops 

Legumes

60. Grasspea; 61. Senjimethi

Non-legumes :

62. Oat; 63. Barley

10. Medicinal plants 

64. Opium poppy; 65. Ergot; 66. Dioscorea; 67. Isabgol; 68. Belladona; 69. Kalmegh; 70. Dill / Sowa; 71. Celery

11. Spices

72. Blackcumin; 73. Coriander; 74. Fenugreek / Methi; 75. Onion; 76. Garlic; 77. Fennel; 78. Rape and mustard; 79. Chillies

12. Fruits

80. Cucumber; 81. Banana; 82. Maskmelon; 83. Watermelon; 84. Straw berry; 85. Cherimoya / Hanumanphal

13. Flowers / Succulents / Ornamentals 

86. Marigold; 87. Cherry laurel; 88. Aster; 89. Gladiolus; 90. Pansy; 91. Dahlia; 92. Nastertium; 93. Sanseviera; 94. Croton; 95. Dracontium; 96. Palm; 97. Garden chrysanthimum; 98. Kochia; 99. Tradescantia (Tradescantia discolor); 100. Yucca

14. Beverage and narcotics

101. Tobacco; 102. Opium poppy / posto / Afim

CHAPTER 2. SUMMER / PRE-KHARIF SEASON CROPS

Introduction 

1. Cereals 

103. Rice; 104. Maize; 105. Jowar; 106. Bajra; 107. Lanatum grass; 108. Finger millet / Ragi; 109. Kaon; 110. Barnyard millet; 111. Kodo millets; 112. Common millet; 113. Little millet.

2. Pulses

114. Green gram; 115. Cowpea; 116. Horse gram; 117. Moth bean; 118. Pigeon pea

3. Oil seeds

119. Groundnut; 120. Sesame; 121. Sunflower; 122. Castor

4. Fibres

123. Jute; 124. Ramie; 125. Sisal; 126. Mesta; 127. Sunnhemp 

5. Tubers / Rhizomes

128. Elephant foot; 129. Arum; 130. Yam

6. Sugars / Starch 

131. Sugarcane 

7. Vegetables 

132. Red gourd; 133. Pointed gourd / parawal; 134. Lemon; 135. Green banana; 136. Squash; 137. Papaya; 138. Amaranth / Data; 139. Pui; 140. Arum; 141. Elephant foot-yam / Ol; 142. Kundli; 143. Bitter gourd / Uchchhe; 144. Brinjal; 145. Chillies; 146. Cucumber; 147. Maskmelon; 148. Watermelon; 149. Bottle gourd; 150. Sponge gourd; 151. Round gourd; 152. Snake gourd; 153. Ladies finger / Okra; 154. Lettuce; 155. Sweet potato; 156. Garden celery; 157. Parsley; 158. Yambean; 159. Tapioca. 

8. Fodder / forage (grasses)

160. Napier; 161. Thinnapier / Dinanath grass; 162. Teosinte; 163. Maize; 164. Bajra; 165. Sorghum; 166. Pearl millet; 167. Anjan grass; 168. Para grass; 169. Rhodes grass; 170. Sudan grass

Non-Grass

171. Blackgram; 172. Ricebean; 173. Mung bean; 174. Cowpea; 175. Guar; 176. Moth bean; 177. Field pea; 178. Horse gram; 179. Turnip; 180. Butterfly pea.

9. Green manuring crops 

Legumes

181. Dhaincha; 182. Sunnhemp; 183. Bagha-dhaincha; 184. Black- gram; 185. Green gram; 186. Cow pea; 187. Guar; 188. Ricebean; 189. Gliricidia, 190. Maize; 191. Napier grass; 192. Mesta; 193. Jute

10. Medicinal plans (annuals)

194. Rauwolfia; 195. Ginger; 196. Turmeric; 197. Senna; 198. White yam; 199. Kalmegh; 200. Nayantara; 201. Gritakumari

11. Spices (annuals)

202. Chillies; 203. Ginger; 204. Turmeric; 205. Curryleaf; 206. Pudina; 207. Dhania

12. Fruits (annual and perennials)

208. Watermelon; 209. Litchi; 210. Cucumber, 211. Wood apple; 212. Mango; 213. Jack fruit; 214. Jam.

13. Flowers / Succulents / Ornamentals

215. Hollihocks; 216. Zinia; 217. Balsam, 218. Indian rubber; 219. Kochia; 220. Tradescantia, 221. Croton; 222. White ceder / Jhaw; 223. Giant-arborvitae; 224. Agave

14. Beverage and narcotics

225. Bhang/Hemp/Ganja/Charas; 226. Dhatura; 227. Betelvine

CHAPTER 3 : RAINY / WET (KHARIF) SEASON CROPS

Introduction 

1. Cereals

228. Rice; 229. Maize; 230. Sorghum; 231. Pearl millet; 232. Foxtail / Kaon; 233. Ragi; 234. Kodo millet; 235. Lanatum grass; 236. Common millet

2. Pulses

237. Blackgram; 238. Greengram / Mungbean; 239. Cowpea; 240. Rice-bean; 241. Horse gram / Moth bean

3. Oil seeds

242. Sesame; 243. Castor; 244. Sunflower; 245. Groundnut; 246. Physic nut; 247. Jatropha / Banbherenda

4. Fibres

248. Jute (seed); 249. Mesta (seed); 250. Sunnhemp; 251. Ramie; 252. Agave / Sisal; 253. Cotton

5. Tubers / Rhizomes

254. Asperagus; 255. Globe artichoke; 256. Jerusalem artichoke; 257. Arum / Colocasia (ganti-kachu); 258. Araikachu

6. Sugars / Starches

259. Sugarcane; 260. Sweet potato; 261. Tapioca

7. Vegetables 

262. (as in pre-kharif season)

8. Fodder / Forage

263. (as in pre-kharif season), 264. (as in pre-kharif season)

9. Green manuring crops 

265. (as in pre-kharif season), 266. (as in pre-kharif season)

10. Medicinal plants 

267. Rose geranium; 268. Patchaunli (other as in pre-kharif season)

11. Spices

269. (as in pre-kharif season)

12. Fruits

270 (as in pre-kharif season)

13. Flowers / Succulents / Ornamentals 

271. (as in pre-kharif season)

14. Beverage and Narcotics 

272. (as in pre-kharif season)

CHAPTER 4. : WEEDS IN DIFFERENT SEASONS

Introduction

1. Winter (Rabi) Season 

Broad Leaved Weeds 

273. Bengal vetch / Hetka; 274. White sweet clover; 275. Yellow Sweet clover; 276. Sweet clover; 277. Fumitory; 278. Fennel; 279. Anagalis; 280. Tiny vetch; 281. Common vetch; 282. Sunberry; 283. Yellow vetchling; 284. Launaea; 285. Eclipta; 286. Little Croton; 287. Amaranth (Prickly); 288. Golden dock / Jungli palak; 289. Nicotiana weed / Jungli tamak; 290. Nightshade / Makoi; 291. Pigweed.

Narrow leaved weeds (grass / sedge)

292. Nut grass / Motha; 293. Bermuda grass / Doop; 294. Chiria bajra / Phalaghash; 295. Wild oat / Banjai; 296. Dernal grass Karat ghash.

2. Summer (Pre-kharif) season

Broad Leaved Weeds

297. Jangli amli / huinan valap / Hazardana; 298. Laldudhi / Dudhia; 299. Blacknightshade / Makoi; 300. Croton / Lankeswar; 301. Sunberry / Tulatipati; 302. Corchorus weed /Ban pat; 303. Chakunda/Kalkasunde; 304. Eclipta/ Bhangra; 305. Kanchara / Kanteri; 306. Horse purslane/Santhi / Lalsabuni; 307. Kanchari / Senchisag; 308. Banbegun (Solanum khasianum); 309. Swamp cabbage/Water spinach; 310. Dholkalmi; 311. Milkania scandens; 312. Chitrabeez/Tikiokra; 313. Scoparia; 314. Mollungo; 315. Beggar weed; 316. Parthenium/ Congresstopi; 317. Zizyphus (Zizyphus rotandifolia); 318. Sophera senna/Kasaundi/ Kalkasunde; 319. Sickle senna / Pamaar / Barakal-kasunde; 320. Lantana; 321. Tridex (Tridex procumbens); 322. Country – mallow / Kungyi; 323. Purple teprosia / Sorphonka / Bannil; 324. Indian abutilon/ Kanghi; 325. Madar/Ak. 326. Boerhaavia diffusa/ Punarnava; 327. Kakranda (Blumea lacera); 328. Belly-ache bush/Bherenda; 329. Indian acalypha/ Khokali/Kuppi; 330. Wild tobacco/ Bantamak; 331. Cocklebur/ Burweed/ Chhagalguti; 332. Trailing indigo; 333. Indian sorrel/Amrul/Susni; 334. Hoary basil/ Kalitulsi; 335. Mexican prickly poppy/Sialkanta; 336. Mallows/ Panirak; 337. Sensitive plant/ Lajwanti; 338. Yellow dock/Chukhah; 339. Cudweed/ Rupajhuri; 340. Goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides); 341. Vernonia/ Kukshim (Vernonia cinerea); 342. Safaid murga; 343. Lamb squatters; 344. Marsilea

Narrow leaved weeds (Grass and sedge)

345. Nut grass / Motha; 346. Barnyard grass / Shyma / Samak; 347. Lalmahuria / Lesua / Gangatiya; 348. Digitaria; 349. Bermuda grass; 350. Gamba grass; 351. Goose grass; 352. Sugar sorghum / Deodhan; 353. Makraghas; 354. Hilograss; 355. Chiria-Ka-dana; 356. Cattail millet / Bandra; 357. Cogongrass / Ulu; 358. Rice grass; 359. Scirpus (Scirpus erectus); 360. Brachiaria / Para grass / Dalghash

3. Rainy / Wet / Kharif Season

361. Hemp; 362. Kalmegh; 363. Rasna, Narrow leaved weeds (as in pe-kharif season) plus, 364. Brachiaria; 365. Goose grass; 366.Barnyard grass (hispidola)

PART TWO : PLANATION CROPS

CHAPTER 5 : FRUIT CROPS

Introduction 

367. Coconut; 368. Mango; 369. Guava; 370. Jack fruit; 371. Sapota; 372. Papaya; 373. Pineapple; 374. Apple; 375. Arecanut; 376. Banana; 377. Lime; 378. Lemon; 379. Mandarin; 380. Sweet orange; 381. Santra; 382. Grape; 383. Pomegranate; 384. Avacardo; 385. Cashewnut; 386. Loquat; 387. Mangosteen; 388. Litchi; 389. Date palm; 390. Phalsa; 391. Wood apple; 392. Bullock’s heart; 393. Aonla; 394. Fig; 395. Jujube / Ber; 396. Apricot; 397. Cherry; 398. Peach; 399. Pear; 400. Plum; 401. Strawberry; 402. Jalpai; 403. Java plum / Jamun; 404. Tamarind; 405. Jamrul; 406. Kau; 407. Naspati.

CHAPTER 6 : MEDICINAL PLANS

Introduction

408. Lemon grass; 409. Citronella grass; 410. Anise; 411. Foxglove; 412. Liquorice/mulhati; 413. Palmarosa oil grass; 414. Japaneese mint; 415. Spear mint; 416. Lemon mint; 417. Khus/Voltiver; 418. Henna / Mehndi; 419. Sweet flag / bach; 420. Peppermint; 421. Arjun; 422. Quinine; 423. Camphor; 424. Harjuri; 425. Yellow mallow tree; 426. Gum-arabic Acacia; 427. Indian acalypha / Khokali; 428. Babul acacia; 429. Cinnamon / Dalchini; 430. Eucalyptus; 431. Asoka / Ashok; 432. Basaka; 433. Kalmegh.

CHAPTER 7 : TIMBERS AND PLANTS FOR FURNITURES

Introduction

434. Teak; 435. Arjun; 436. Tamarind; 437. Chinese date; 438. Eucaly-ptus (lemon scented); 439. Kokko / Siris; 440. Sissoo; 441. Casuarina; 442. Neem; 443. Mahogani; 444. Sundri; 445. Babool/ Babul; 446. Neem Chameli / Akashneem; 447. Silk cotton; 448. Castanopsis; 449. Deodar; 450. Silver wattle; 451. Acacia tortilis; 452. Kadamba/Kadam; 453. Cane; 454. Pseudostachyum; 455. Bamboo (plain).

CHAPTER 8 : TREE-FODDER

Introduction

456. Subabul / Horse tamarind; 457. Babul; 458. Dhaula-Khejra; 459. Acacia tortilis; 460. Israili babool; 461. Siris; 462. Akashneem; 463. Jack fruit; 464. Anjal; 465. Bamboo; 466. Fig; 467. Gliricidia; 468. Umbrella thorn; 469. Child – life tree; 470. Jujube. 

CHAPTER 9 : BEVERAGE AND NARCOTICS

Introduction

471. Tea; 472. Coffee; 473. Cacao; 474. Arecanut; 475. Betelvine; 476. Dhatura; 477. Hemp / Bhang, Ganja.

CHAPTER 10 : SPICES

Introduction

478. Cardamom (small); 479. Pepper; 480. Cinnamon / Dalchini; 481. Clove; 482. Tejpat / Tejpata; 483. Radhuni; 484. Curry leaf; 485. Cardamom (big)

CHAPTER 11 : INDUSTRIAL CROPS (Annuals and Perennials)

Introduction

1. Annuals

486. Tobacco; 487. Jute; 488. Sugarcane; 489. Sugar beet; 490. Groundnut; 491. Rape and mustard; 492. Castor; 493. Cotton; 494. Oil palm; 495. Pineapple; 496. Potato; 497. Ramie.

2. Perennials

498. Rubber; 499. Cinchona; 500. Bamboo; 501. Silk cotton; 502. Silver wattle; 503. Sweet acacia; 504. Black wattle; 505. Gumarabie acacia; 506. Acacia tortilis / Ritha; 507. Lemon scented eucalyptus; 508. Karanja; 509. Cashewnut.

CHAPTER 12 : FUEL (Annuals and Perennials)

Introduction

1. Annuals

510. Arahar; 511. Maize; 512. Sugarcane; 513. Jute; 514. Sunnhemp; 515. Rice; 516. Mesta; 517. Sesbania (rostrata)

2. Perennials

518. Acacia/Suma; 519. Silk cotton; 520. Mango; 521. Jack fruit; 522. Madar; 523. Bamboo; 524. Sola; 525. Siris; 526. Hizzal

PART THREE : WATER-CROPS

CHAPTER 13 :  CROPS IN WATER (IN DIFFERENT SEASONS)

Introduction, 527. Asteracantha; 528. Arum; 529. Water spinach; 530. Alternanthera; 531. Giant taro; 532. Pestigrides; 533. Water fern; 534. Purslane; 535. Thatch grass; 536. Water cress; 537. Common reedgrass; 538. Commelina; 539. Indian spinach; 540. Sitalpati; 541. Sesbania/dhencha; 542. Bermuda grass; 543. Canna; 544. Asiatic pennywort; 545. Paludosa; 546. Common wood sorrel; 547. Kovai fruit; 548. Barnyard grass; 549. Chinese mat-grass; 550. Dallis grass; 551. Paragrass; 552. Deflexa; 553. Ragi; 554. Rice; 555. Common reed; 556. Vetiver; 557. Sagittaria; 558. Fimbristylis; 559. Waterlily; 560. Lotus; 561. Indian blue waterlily; 562. Indian white waterlily; 563. White waterlily; 564. Monochoria; 565. Water fennel; 566. Bulrush; 567. Chinamat-grass; 568. Job’s tears; 569. Water fern; 570. Guinea rush; 571. Gorgan nut; 572. Giant waterlily; 573. Jute (bitter); 574. Common water fern; 575. Water dropwort; 576. Water plantain; 577. Roxburghii; 578. Nymphoides; 579. Natuns; 580. Water chestnuts; 581. Arrow head; 582. Vallisneria; 583. Ischaemum; 584. Stagnina; 585. Aeschynomene; 586. Neptunia; 587. Waterhyacinth; 588. Morning glory; 589. Giant reed; 590. Indian salt-wort; 591. Salty camel fodder; 592. Yellow-berried nightshade; 593. Goose foot; 594. Nipa; 595. Cane; 596. Greater galangal; 597. Screwpine; 598. Derris / Tuba root; 599. Coix; 600. Enhydra;

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