Scientific Publishers | mycotoxins-problem-its-management

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Blurb

Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites of storage moulds, have been receiving increasing attention in view of their undisputed role in public health. Many books appeared, conferences in different parts of the globe are being conducted which clearly indicate direct relation between the incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi, degree of mycotoxin contamination and their prevalence revealed their relation to some of the human ailments. Out of several mycotoxins, aflatoxins, ochratoxins A and fumonisins are posing serious health hazards specially in Asian countries. Inspite of intensive and extensive studies related to mycotoxins the problems becoming intricate and intriguing and decisive conclusions could not be drawn and clear cut solutions are provided. This book is divided into two parts. First part deals with general aspects of mycotoxins covering areas of natural incidence, taxonomy of mycotoxigenic fungi, analytical techniques, and mechanism of mycotoxins, toxicity epidemiology and management of mycotoxins. The second part deals with individual mycotoxins. The detailed account of producing organisms, detection, biological activity and management practices specific to that of mycotoxins are discussed in individual chapters. An attempt has been made to discuss mycotoxins problem with reference to Indian conditions. In view of voluminous literature only comparatively recent and relevant literature is quoted and may be some important works might have been omitted.

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Genesis of the problem
1.2. Natural incidence of mycotoxins in different food commodities
1.2.1. Cereals
1.2.2. Pulses
1.2.3. Oil seeds
1.2.4. Dry fruits and spieces
1.2.5. Milk and milk products
1.2.6. Feeds
1.2.7. Fodders
1.2.8. Sea foods
1.3. High risk areas for mycotoxins in India
1.4. Weather conditions and mycotoxins
1.5. Management of mycotoxins
1.5.1. Prevention of mould growth
1.5.2. Detoxification
1.5.3. Resistant varieties
1.5.4. Biological control
1.6. Current research Scenario
Chapter – 2: TAXONOMY OF MYCOTOXIGENIC FUNGI
2.1 Key to the identification of mycotoxin producing fungi
2.2. Morphology of mycotoxigenic fungi
2.2.1. Aspergillus
2.2.2. Penicillium
2.2.3. Fusarium
2.2.4. Alternaria
2.2.5. Stachybotrys
2.2.6. Myrothecium
2.2.7. Trichoderma
2.2.8. Trichothecium
2.2.9. Pithomyces
2.2.10. Phoma
2.2.11. Phomopsis
2.2.12. Diplodia
2.2.13. Chaetomium
Chapter – 3: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
3.1. Sampling
3.2. Methods of Analysis
3.3. Chemical Analysis
3.3.1 Extraction
3.3.2 Clean up
3.3.3 Work-up
3.3.4 Detection and Quantification
3.3.5 Confirmation
3.3.6 Determination of purity and concentration of mycotoxin standards.
3.4. Immunological techniques
3.4.1. Radio immunoassay
3.4.2. Enzyme immunoassay
3.4.3. Immunoscreening methods
3.4.4. Complementation of immunoassays with chemical methods
3.4.5. Other newly developed immunochemical methods
Chapter 4: TOXICOLOGY
4.1. Acute and chronic toxicity
4.2. Cytotoxicity
4.3. Carcinogenicity
4.4. Mutagenicity
4.5. Teratogenicity
4.6. Tremoregenicity
4.7. Immunotoxicity
4.8. Haematotoxicity
4.9. Induction of apotoxicity
4.10. Antitumor properties
4.11. Antimicrobial activity
4.12. Insecticidal activity
4.13. Phytotoxicity
4.14. Mechanism of action
4.14.1. Receptors
4.14.2. Metabolic activation and detoxification
4.15. Nucleic acids as receptors
4.16. Lesions on proteins
4.17. Target sites and biological effects
4.18. Inhibition of energy production
4.18.1. Cellular resperation
4.18.2. Uncoupling of oxidation
4.18.3. Phosphorylation
4.18.4. Alteration of membrane permeability
4.19. Inhibition of macromolecular synthesis
4.19.1. Inhibition of DNA synthesis
4.19.2. Alteration in RNA metabolism
4.19.3. Inhibition of protein synthesis
4.19.4. Alteration of immune responses
4.19.5. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
4.19.6. Effects on lipid metabolism
4.20. Effect on central nervous system
4.21. Modifications of cytoskeletons
4.22. Hormonal effects
4.22.1. Activity of steroid hormones
4.22.2. Estrogen effect of zearalenone
4.23. Carcinogenic effects
4.23.1. Initiation
4.23.2. Promotion
Chapter 5: EPIDEMIOLOGY
5.1 Ergot - Relationship to disease in humans
5.2. Aflatoxins - Relationship to disease in humans
5.3. Trichothecenes - Relationship to disease in humans
5.4. Fumonisins - Relationship to disease in human
5.5. Patulin- Relationship to disease in humans
5.6. Zearalenone - Relationship to disease in humans
5.7. Ochratoxins - Relationship to disease in humans
Chapter 6: MANAGEMENT
6.1. Prevention of mould contamination and growth
6.1.1. Primary prevention
6.1.2. Secondary
6.1.3. Tertiary
6.1.4. Methods of prevention
i) Drying of grains
6.2. Improved farm management
6.3. Separation of infested grains
6.4. Volatile compounds
6.5. Food preservatives
6.6. Antioxidants
6.7. Polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors
6.8. Antagonists
6.9. Genetic engineering approach
6.10. Rapid screening
6.11. Control of environmental conditions
6.12. Detoxification of toxic producdts
6.12.1. Physcial methods
6.12.2. Chemical methods
6.12.3. Biological methods
6.13. Quality control and regulatory measures
6.14. HACCP in mangament of mycotcoxins
6.14.1. Pre-harvest and Post harvest (Field) situation
6.14.2. Codes of practice
6.14.3. Post harvest control
6.14.4. Post-harvest –Ccpi
6.15. The integrated approach
PART-B
Chapter 7 CARCINOGENIC MYCOTOXINS
7.1. Aflatoxins
7.1.1. Physico-chemical characteristics
7.1.2. Organisms
7.1.3. Biosynthesis and Metabolism
7.1.4. Isolation and Detection
7.1.5. Natural incidence
7.1.6. Biological activity
7.1.7. Factors affecting toxicity
7.1.8. Management
7.2. Fumonisins
7.2.1. Physico-chemical characteristics
7.2.2. Organisms
7.2.3. Biosynthesis
7.2.4. Isolation and Detection
7.2.5. Natural Incidence
7.2.6. Biological activity
7.2.7. Management
Chapter – 8. NEPHROTOXIC MYCOTOXINS
8.1. Ochratoxin A
8.1.1. Physico-chemical characteristics
8.1.2. Organisms
8.1.3. Biosynthesis
8.1.4. Isolation and Detection
8.1.5. Factors influencing
8.1.6. Natural Incidence
8.1.7. Biological Activity
8.1.8. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
8.1.9. Management
8.2. Citrinin
8.2.1. Physico-chemical characteristics
8.2.2. Organisms
8.2.3. Biosynthesis
8.2.4. Isolation and Detection
8.2.5. Natural Incidence
8.2.6. Factors influencing
8.2.7. Biological Activity
8.2.8. Management.
Chapter 9: CYCLOPIAZONIC ACID
9.1. Physico-chemical characteristics
9.2. Organisms
9.3. Biosynthesis
9.4. Isolation and Detection
9.5. Natural Incidence
9.6. Factors Influencing
9.7. Biological Activity
9.8. Management
Chapter – 10: TREMEROGENIC MYCOTOXINS
10.1. Physico-chemical characteristics
10.2. Organisms
10.3. Biosynthesis
10.4. Isolation of and quantification
10.4.1. Penitrems
10.4.2. Janthitrems
10.4.3. Aflatrem
10.4.4. Paxilline
10.4.5. Paspaline, Paspalicine and Paspalinine
10.4.6. Paspalitrems A and B
10.4.7. Territrems
10.4.8. Fumiteremorgin
10.5. Natural Incidence
10.6. Structure and Activity relationship
10.7. Biological Activity
10.8. Management
10.9. Penitirms
10.10.1. Isolation and Detection
10.10.2. Natural Incidence
10.10.3. Production
10.10.4. Biosynthesis
10.10.5. Biological activity
10.10.6. Management.
Chapter – 11: PATULIN
11.1. Physico-Chemical properties
11.2. Organisms
11.3. Biosynthesis
11.4. Isolation and Detection
11.4.1. Chemical methods
11.4.2. Paper chromatography
11.4.3. Thin-layer chromatography
11.4.4. High performance liquid chromatography
11.4.5. Gas liquid chromatography
11.4.6. Bioassay
11.5. Natural Incidence
11.6. Biological activity
11.7. Management
Chapter – 12. CYTOTOXIC MYCOTOXINS
12.1 Cytochalasins
12.1.1. Cytochalasins A and B
12.1.2. Cytochalasins C and D
12.1.3. Cytochalasin E
12.1.4. Cytochalasin F
12.1.5. Cytochalasin G
12.1.6. Cytochalasin H and J
12.1.7. Cytochalasins K-M
12.1.8. Zygosporins D-G
12.1.9. Apochalasin A-D
12.1.10. Deoxaphomin, Proxiphomin and Protophomin
12.1.11. Chaetoglobosins and Acetylchaetoglobins
12.2. Biological activity
12.2.1. Cytokinesis
12.2.2. Locomotion and Cytoplasmic streaming
12.2.3. Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity
12.2.4. Cytophysiological effects
12.2.5. Attachment and Adhesion
12.2.6. Morphogenesis
12.2.7. Endocytosis
12.2.8. Exocytosis-I
12.2.9. Immunological functions
12.2.10. Viral infectibility
12.2.11. Metabolism and Macromolecular
12.2.12. Synthesis
12.2.13. Alterations in membrane
12.2.14. Structure and function
Chapter – 13: ESTROGENIC MYCOTOXINS- ZEARALENONE
13.1.1. Physico-chemical characteristics
13.1.2. Organisms
13.1.3. Biosynthesis
13.1.4. Isolation and Detection
13.1.5. Natural Incidence
13.1.6. Biological Activity
13.1.7. Mechanism of action
13.1.8. Management
Chapter - 14: GASTROINTESTINAL MYCOTOXINS - TRICHOTHECENES
14.1. Physico-chemical characteristics
14.2. Organisms
14.3. Isolation and Detection
14.4. Natural incidence
14.5. Factors influencing
14.6 Biological activity
14.7 . Metabolism and pharmacokinetics
14.8 Management
Chapter 15: MISCELANEOUS MYCOTOXINS
15.1. Alternaria toxins
15.2. Sporidesmins
15.3 Sterigmatocystin
15.4. Slaframine