1. INTRODUCTION
2. EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS USED IN MODERN AGRICULTURE
2.1. General issues
2.2. Global trends in use of agro-chemicals
2.2.1. Fertilizers
2.2.2. Use of fertilizers and food production
2.2.3. Pesticides
2.3. Fate of agro-chemicals
2.3.1. Fertilizers
2.3.1.1. Nitrogenous fertilizers
2.3.1.2. Phosphatic fertilizers
2.3.1.3. Potassic fertilizers
2.3.2. Pesticides
2.4. Effect of agro-chemicals on soil
2.4.1. Physical components
2.4.1.1. Soil structure
2.4.1.2. Soil pH
2.4.1.3. Soil organic matter
2.4.2. Chemical components
2.4.3. Biological components
2.4.3.1. Details of micro flora in soil
2.4.3.2. Effects on N fixing bacteria
2.4.3.3. Effect on other micro-organisms
2.5. Effect of agro-chemicals on ecology of aquifers
2.5.1. Eutrophication
2.5.2. Contamination of water bodies
2.6. Effect of agro-chemicals on ground water pollution
2.6.1. Pollution due to fertilizers
2.6.1.1. Nitrogenous fertilizers
2.6.1.2. Phosphatic fertilizers
2.6.2. Pesticides contamination in ground water
2.7. Effect of agro-chemicals on human health
2.7.1. Types of effect
2.7.2. Implications of agrochemicals on human health
2.7.3. Effects due to organo-chlorine pesticides
2.7.3.1. DDT
2.7.3.2. BHC
2.7.3.3. Heptachlor
2.7.3.4. Chlordane
2.7.3.5. Endrin
2.7.4. Effects due to carbamates
2.7.5. Effects due to organo phosphates
2.7.6. Effects due to nitrates and nitrites
2.7.7. Effects due to EDB
2.7.8. Effects due to atrazine
2.7.9. Effects due to phenoxy alkanates
2.7.10. Effects due to alachlor
2.8. Pesticides in Indian food commodities
2.9. Effect of agro-chemicals on animal health
2.9.1. Effects due to direct exposure
2.9.2. Effects due to indirect exposure
2.9.3. Effects due to monocrotophos
2.9.4. Effects due to chloropyriphos
2.9.5. Effects due to methyl parathion
2.9.6. Effects due to DDT
2.10. References
3. FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIC FARMING
3.1. Background
3.2. Definition and meaning
3.3. Nomenclature
3.4. Principles of organic farming
3.5. Scope of organic farming
3.6. Advantages and limitations of organic farming
3.7. Impact of organic farming on production and Productivity
3.8. References
4. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF ORGANIC FARMING
4.1. Organic farming in Indian history
4.1.1. Cropping system
4.1.2. Appropriate date sowing
4.1.3. Germination of seeds
4.1.4. Preparation and use of manures
4.1.4.1. Farm yard manure
4.1.4.2. Vermi compost
4.1.4.3. Green manures
4.1.4.4. Liquid organic manures
4.2. Control of pests, diseases and other disorders
4.2.1. Internal disorders
4.2.2. Abiotic disorders
4.2.3. Biotic disorders
4.3. Biological control of pests
4.3.1. Biological control efforts in the early 19th century
4.3.2. Biological control in the late 19th century
4.3.3. Biological control in India
4.4. Biofertilizers
4.5. References
5. POTENTIALS OF ORGANIC FARMING
5.1. Green manures
5.2. Farm yard manures
5.2.1. Response to applied FYM
5.2.1.1. Improved crop yields
5.2.1.2. Improved soil physical properties
5.2.1.3. Improved nutrient availability
5.2.1.4. Improved microbial activity
5.2.1.5. Residual effect of farm yard manure
5.2.2. Essential materials to prepare FYM
5.2.3. Attitudinal change towards FYM
5.2.4. Use of Jeevamruta
5.3. Crop residue recycling
5.4. Oil cakes
5.5. Urban and rural wastes
5.6. Agro-industrial wastes
5.6.1. Sugar industry
5.6.1.1. Use of begasse
5.6.1.2. Use of press mud
5.6.1.3. Distillery spent wash
5.6.2. Rice industry
5.6.3. Cotton industry
5.6.3.1. Cotton stalks
5.6.3.2. Linter and hulls
5.6.3.3. Cotton dust
5.6.3.4. Spinning wastes and cloth wastes
5.6.4. Tea/tobacco industry
5.7. Vermi compost
5.8. Other live stock wastes
5.9. Bio-conversion of unutilized/underutilized sources
5.9.1. Human excreta and urine
5.9.1.1. Mange mental challenges
5.9.1.2. Processing of excreta and urine
5.9.1.3. Collection of urine
5.9.2. Byproducts of slaughter houses
5.9.3. Biogas Slurry
5.10. Poultry manure
5.10.1. Methods of use
5.10.2. Response to application of poultry manure
5.10.3. Prospects of use of poultry manure in India
5.10.4. Limitations on use of poultry manure in India
5.11. Bio-fertilizers
5.11.1. N fixing rhizobia
5.11.2. Non-symbiotic N fixing
5.11.3. P-solubilising organisms
5.11.4. Azolla-Anabena association
5.12. Cultural methods
5.12.1. Crop rotation
5.12.2. Inter cropping
5.12.3. Alley cropping
5.12.4. Establishment of vegetative bunds
5.12.5. Practice of homestead farming
5.12.6. Soil and water conservation practices
5.12.7. Fallowing
5.13. Organic methods of pest control
5.13.1. Biological control of pest and diseases
5.13.1.1. Use of natural enemies
5.13.1.2. Plant extracts/ plant based chemicals
5.13.2. Cultural methods of pest control
5.13.2.1. Choice of date of sowing / planting
5.13.2.2. Adoption of suitable spacing/maintaining appropriate plant population
5.13.2.3. Suitable water management practices
5.13.2.4. Suitable nutrient management practices
5.13.2.5. Choice of verities and hybrids for a given area
5.13.2.6. Intercropping /mixed/crop/trap cropping practices
5.13.2.7. Physical and other cultural methods of pest control
5.13.2.8. Application of green manures and other manures
5.13.2.9. Removal of weeds and alternative hosts
5.13.2.10. Methods of sowing and planting
5.14. Linkage of organic farming with sustainability
5.16. References
6. ORGANIC CERTIFICATION
6.1. Background
6.2. Establishment of certifying agencies
6.3. Standards of certification
6.4. Accreditation programme
6.5. Participatory guarantee scheme (PGS)
6.6. Steps in organic certification
6.7. References
7. SCENARIO OF ORGANIC FARMING IN INDIA AND WORLD
7.1. Background
7.2. Global scenario
7.3. Continent wise development of organic agriculture
7.3.1. Africa
7.3.2. Asia
7.3.3. Europe
7.3.4. Latin America
7.3.5. North America
7.3.6. Oceania
7.3.7. Wild collection
7.3.8. Global organic market
7.4. Country -specific developments in organic agriculture
7.4.1. Asia
7.4.1.1. Bangladesh
7.4.1.2. China
7.4.1.3. Indonesia
7.4.1.4. Japan
7.4.1.5. Thailand
7.4.1.6. Vietnam
7.4.1.7. South Korea
7.4.1.8. Philippines
7.4.1.9. Malaysia
7.4.1.10. Iran
7.4.1.11. India
7.4.2. Africa
7.4.2.1. Zambia
7.4.2.2. Uganda
7.4.2.3. South Africa
7.4.2.4. Madagaskar
7.4.2.5. Ghana
7.4.2.6. Egypt
7.4.2.7. Cameroon
7.4.2.8. Ethiopia
7.4.2.9. Kenya
7.4.2.10. Tunisia
7.4.3. Latin America
7.4.3.1. Argentina
7.4.3.2. Bolivia
7.4.3.3. Brazil
7.4.3.4. Chile
7.4.3.5. Columbia
7.4.3.6. Ecuador
7.4.3.7. Mexico
7.4.3.8. Paraguay
7.4.3.9. Peru
7.4.3.10. Venezula
7.4.3.11. Uruguay
7.4.4. Europe
7.4.4.1. France
7.4.4.2. Denmark
7.4.4.3. Belgium
7.4.4.4. Estonia
7.5. Scenario of organic farming in India
7.5.1. Background
7.5.2. Origin of modern organic farming
7.5.3. Establishment of national project on organic farming
7.5.4. Role of NGO’s
7.5.5. Organic production scenario in India
7.6. Scenario of organic farming in different states
7.7. Future challenges
7.8. References
