Gums and resins are known for their diverse application for more than 5000 years. These are produced from some plants, insects, and micro-organisms. Indonesia, India and China are amongst the World’s major producers of gums and resins. As gums and resins possess a unique biochemical structure and properties, it finds application in food, pharmaceutical, and other industrial application besides their use in several traditional applications. Gums and resins are biocompatible and biodegradable, and their sources are renewable. The people worldwide are now again feeling the necessity of using natural additives in products of human consumption, due to adverse effect of using synthetic additives. Such a shift in the human mindset has created additional demand for natural products like gums and resins. These are produced in resource-constrained areas, where people are poor and need the creation of good livelihood options for improvement in their economic condition. Gums and resins producing trees not only produces gums and resins but also help in improving soil health and restricts climate change as well as expansion of desert in arid and semi-arid regions. Increasing production of gums and resins by motivating farmers for establishing plantations; creating infrastructure for processing and value addition in the regions of gums and resins production; and finding new application areas of these natural product are urgent needs of this vital sector. This paper covers an overview on the role of gums and resins sector in livelihood security of farmers and need to promote them on farmland in India.