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Home Books Agriculture A Technical Advisors Manual Managing : Agricultural Irrigation Draining Water

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This manual is part of a two-part educational and outreach program to educate landowners and technical advisors about the advantages, disadvantages, costs, environmental regulations and other considerations in developing and implementing an Integrated On-Farm Drainage Management program for salinity control. This manual is the second component of the program, and is designed to provide technical consultants and support personnel with the tools they need to assist farmers with developing and implementing an effective IFDM program. An IFDM system can serve as a viable alternative for landowners who may not choose to participate in a voluntary land retirement program for drainage-impacted lands. Once irrigation systems have been optimized to maximize water use efficiency and to minimize the production of subsurface drainage water, an IFDM system can be designed to enable the landowner to process the resulting drainage water on-farm. Interest in IFDM is increasing. The merits of IFDM have been recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the State Water Resources Control Board through the award of a Clean Water Act Section 319(h) Grant to educate farmers and to train professionals about IFDM implementation. Both manuals were funded by the grant, targeting the needs of the landowners, water/drainage district managers, engineers and technical professionals.

1. Introduction

A. Background

B. Salt Management

C. Regional Groundwater Flow

D. Source Control

E. Active Management

2. IFDM System Description and Example of Operating IFDM System

A. Introduction

B. Basic Description of IFDM System

i. Border Strips of Trees

ii. Crop Production Areas

iii. Solar Evaporator (Salt Harvest Area)

C. Example IFDM System – AndrewsAg Inc. IFDM Project

i. Background Information

ii. Initial IFDM System Design

iii. Description of Current IFDM System

iv. Physical Description of the AndrewsAg Inc. Solar Evaporator

3. IFDM System Design Considerations

A. Introduction

B. Analysis of Existing On-Farm Irrigation and Drainage Systems Operation

C. IFDM Analysis and Design Checklist

D. Review of Existing Farm Irrigation and Drainage System Design and Management

E. Irrigation System Selection

F. Farming Unit Design

G. Development of the Farming Unit General Arrangement Drawing

H. Water Management Options

I. Drainage System Design Guidelines for IFDM

J. Solar Evaporator Design

4. Frainage Water

A. Introduction

B. Agricultural Drainage Water Characteristics

i. Tailwater and Tilewater

ii. Salts

iii. Water Salinity

iv. Water Sodicity

v. Toxic Trace Elements

vi. Nutrients

C. Utilizing Drainage Water for Irrigation

I. Sequential Use.

ii. Blending

iii. Cycle Use.

iv. Combining Strategies

v. Single Use.

5. Crop Selection for IFDM Systems

A. Introduction

B. Choosing the Appropriate Plants

C. Salt and Boron Tolerance of Traditional Crops

D. Salt-Tolerant Forages

E. Halophytes

F. Trees

Acknowledgements

6. IFDM System Management

A. Introduction

B. Irrigation management

C. Salt management

D. Drainage System Management

E. Solar Evaporator

F. Selenium Management

7. Monitoring, Recordkeeping and Reporting

A. Introduction

B. Data Quality

C. Monitoring & Reporting Program

i. Groundwater Monitoring

ii. Subsurface Agricultural Drainage

iii. Solar Evaporator Subsurface Drainage

iv. Sampling Plan

v. Who Will Perform the Monitoring and How?

vi. What Parameters Will Be Measured?

vii. Approved Laboratories

Viii. Where are the Monitoring Sites.

ix. Sampling Frequency

D. Automated Systems for Data Collection

i. Manual vs. Instantaneous Readings

8. Economic Analysis of IFDM

A. Introduction

B. Components of an IFDM System

C. Conceptual Framework

D. Empirical Analysis

E. Discussion

F. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

9. Future Research

A. Introduction

B. Examples of Funded Research Projects

i. Drainage Water reuse

ii. Salt Separation and Utilization

iii. Drainage Water Treatment

iv. Source Reduction

v. Salinity/Drainage Projects

List of Tables

List of Figures