1. Introduction

1.1. History

1.2. Ecological diversity

1.3. Biodiversity

1.4. Biotechnological applications

2. Isolation and Cultivation

Isolation Procedures

2.2.1. Medium for Enrichment and Cultivation of Purple Sulfur

Bacteria

2.2.2. Medium for the Enrichment and Cultivation of

Ectorhodospiraceae members

2.2.3. Isolation and Cultivation of Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria

2.4. Isolation and Enrichment of Green Bacteria

2.4.1. Green Sulfur Bacteria

2.5. Isolation and Enrichment of Green Non-Sulfur Bacteria

2.6. Isolation and Enrichment of Heliobacteriaceae Members

3. Taxonomy

3.1 Purple Non-Sulphur Bacteria

3.2 Purple Sulfur Bacteria

3.3. Green Sulphur Bacteria

3.4. Green Non- Sulphur Bacteria (Multicellular Filamentous Bacteria)

3.5. Firmicutes

4. Photosynthesis

4.1. Anaerobic Photosynthetic Bacteria

4.1.1. Purple Bacteria

4.1.2. Green Bacteria

4.1.3. The Filamentous Anoxygenic Photolithotrophic Bacteria

4.1.4. The Photoheterotrophic Heliobacteria

4.2. Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria

4.3. Photosynthetic Apparatus- Light Harvesting Pigments

4.3.1. Bacteriochlorophyll

4.3.2. Carotenoids

4.3.3. Pheophytin

4.3.4. Structure of Chlorosome

4.4. Properties of Light

4.4.1. Light Harvesting Complexes

4.5. Electron Transport in Purple Bacteria

4.5.1. The Structure of the Light Harvesting Complexes

4.6. Function of Light Harvesting Complexes

4.7. The Reaction Centre (RC)

4.7.1. Purple Bacterial Reaction Centre

4.7.2. Functioning of Reaction Centers

4.8. Photosynthetic Unit (PSU)

4.8.1. Energy Transfer within the PSU

4.8.2. Excitation of Antenna Molecules and Resonance Transfer

4.9. Electron Transport.

4.9.1. Green Sulfur Bacteria

4.9.2. Heliobacteria

4.9.3. Purple bacteria

4.9.4. Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria

4.10. Photophosphorylation in Halophilic Phototrophic Bacteria

4.11. Photochemical Reaction Center

4.12. Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain

4.13. Pattern of Electron Flow

5. Carbon metabolism

5.1. Acetate Assimilation

5.1.1. The Oxidative Glyoxylate Cycle

5.1.2. Pyruvate Synthase

5.1.3. The Ethylmalonyl-CoA Pathway

5.2. Flow of Reducing Equivalent in Photoautotrophs and

Photoheterotrophs

5.3. Anaplerotic CO2 Assimilation

5.4. Carbohydrate Metabolism

5.4.1. Anaerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria (APB) and

Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria (AAPB)

5.4.2. Heliobacteria

5.4.3. Filamentous Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria (FAPB)

5.5. Aldolases Employed in the EMP and ED Pathway

5.6. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycles (Forward, Reverse and Branched)

5.7. Citrate metabolism and The TCA Cycle

5.8. Evolutionary Perspectives

5.9. Carbon metabolism in Photoorganotrophs

5.10. Photometabolism in Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria

5.11. Hydrogen and Inorganic Sulfur Compounds

5.12. Acetate Photometabolism

5.14. Formate Photometabolism

5.16. Butyrate Photometabolism

5.17. Anaerobic Tricarboxylic Acid and Reductive CO2 Fixation

5.18. Acetone and Alcohol Photometabolism

5.19. Glycine Photometabolism

5.20. Methane Photometabolism

5.21. Aromatic Compounds Metabolism

5.22. Photochemical Nitrogen Fixation

5.23. The Electron Acceptor in Purple Bacteria

6 . Sulfur Metabolism

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Transformations of Sulfur Compounds

6.2.2. Green Sulfur Bacteria

6.2.3. Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria

6.2.4. Aerobic Bacteriochlorophyll-Containing Bacteria

6.2.5. Filamentous Anoxygenic Phototrophs

6.2.6. Heliobacteria

6.3. Oxidative Sulfur Metabolism

6.3.1. Purple Sulfur Bacteria

6.3.2. Green Sulfur Bacteria

6.3.3. Purple Non-sulfur Bacteria

6.3.4. Aerobic Bacteriochlorophyll-Containing Bacteria

6.3.5. Sulfur Oxidation Pathways

6.4. Sulfate Assimilation

6.5. Uptake of Sulfate

6.5.1. Activation of Sulfate

6.5.2. Reduction to Sulfite

6.5.3. Reduction of Sulfite and Sulfide

6.5.4. Incorporation of Sulfide

6.6. Conclusion

7. Ecology of Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria

7.1. The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide

7.2. The Relations to Oxygen

7.3. The Role of Light

7.4. Habitats of Chromatiaceae

7.5. Habitats of Purple non-sulfur bacteria

7.6. Habitats of Green Sulfur Bacteria

8. Hydrogen - Non-Conventional energy

8.1 Waste Water Treatment and Hydrogen Production

8.2.1. Light Driven Hydrogen Production

8.1.2. Photo-Fermentation

8.1.3. Dark Fermentation

8.1.3. Hybrid Reactor System

8.1.4. Water–Gas Shift Reaction of Photoheterotrophic Bacteria

9. Single cell protein

9. 1. Microorganisms

9.2. Raw Materials

9.4. Steps in SCP production

9.3. Mixed Cultures

9.5. Fermentation Processing for SCP Production

9.6. Nutritional Status of SCP

9.7. Toxicological status of SCP

9. 8. Nucleic Acid Status

9.9. Improvement of Quality of SCP

9.10. Downstream Process

9.11. Utilization of SCP

9.12. Prospects

10. Bioremediation of waste water

10.1. Dissolved Oxygen Concentration as an Indicator of Water Quality

10.2. Site Surveys

10.3. The Strength of Fermentation Effluents

10.4. Treatment and Disposal

10.4.1. Disposal

10.4.2. Treatment: Primary treatment

11. Biotechnological Applications

11.1. Biosynthesis of carotenoids and other terpenoids

11.2. Production of functional proteins membrane

11.3. Ubiquinones (Co enzymes Q)

11.4. Vitamins

11.5 Hormones

11.6. Enzymes

11.7. Antibiotics/Antiviral Substances

11.8. Ammonia (NH3)

11.9. Nitrogen fixation

11.10. Bacteriocins

11.11. Denitrification

11.12. Hopanoids

11.13. Biofertilizers

11.14. Biodegradable polyesters

11.15. Biopesticides

11.16. Enhancement of calorific value of biogas using APB

11.17. Enhancement of indigo extraction using APB

11.18. Microbial enhanced pulping of secondary fibers by APB

11.19. Miscellaneous applications

References