1. Introduction to Nanoscience
1.1 General Definitions
1.2 Historical Perspective
1.3 Nanoscience in Nature
1.3.1 Nanomaterials in living species
1.3.2 Nanomaterials in non-living species
1.4 Significant Aspects of Nanoscience
1.4.1 Nanoscience in physics, chemistry and biology
1.4.2 Nanomaterials
1.4.3 Synthetic strategies and characterization of nanomaterials
1.5 Unique Characteristics of Nanomaterials
1.6 Applications: Current Status
1.7 Risks: Assessment and Management
1.7.1 Risks assessment
1.7.2 Risks management
1.8 Future Outlook
Review Questions
2. Accounts of Nanomaterials
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Dimensionality of Nanomaterials
2.1.2 Morphology of Nanostructured materials
2.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials
2.2.1 Nanometals and alloys
2.2.2 Colloidal metal nanoparticles
2.2.3 Nano-oxides of transition and non-transition elements
2.2.4 Non-oxide inorganic nanomaterials
2.2.5 Zeolites
2.2.6 Quantum dots
2.2.7 Nanoclusters
2.3 Carbon-based Nanomaterials
2.3.1 Fullerene
2.3.2 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
2.3.3 Graphene
2.3.4 Carbon nanofibers
2.3.5 Carbon nano-onions
2.3.6 Nano diamond
2.4 Organic Nanomaterials
2.4.1 Polymeric nanoparticles
2.4.2 Dendrimers
2.4.3 Cellulose
2.5 Biological nanomaterials
2.6 Self -Assembled and Supramolecular Nanomaterials
2.6.1 Liquid Crystalline Structure
2.6.2 Supremolecular organic frameworks
2.7 Nanocomposites
2.7.1 Ceramic matrix nanocomposites (CMNCs)
2.7.2 Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs)
2.7.3 Polymer matrix nanocomposites (PMNCs)
2.8 Nano coatings
2.8.1 Functional nano coatings
2.8.2 Protective nano coatings
2.8.3 Smart nano coatings
Review Questions
3. Synthesis of Nanomaterials
3.1 Strategies for Synthesis of Nanomaterials
3.2 Top-down Approach
3.2.1 Mechanical milling
3.2.2 Sputtering
3.2.3 Etching
3.2.4 Laser ablation
3.2.5 Lithography
3.2.5.1 e-beam and focused ion beam lithography
3.2.5.2 Nanosphere lithography and colloidal lithography
3.2.5.3 Nano Imprint Lithography (NIL)
3.2.5.4 Scanning Probe Lithography: Dip Pen Lithography
3.2.6 Aerosol- based technique
3.2.6.1 Electro spraying
3.2.6.2 Ultrasonic spraying
3.2.7 Electrospinning
3.3 Bottom-up Approaches
3.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
3.3.2 Chemical Vapor Condensation (CVC)
3.3.3 Plasma arcing
3.3.4 Wet chemical methods
3.3.4.1 Exchange reactions
3.3.4.2 Chemical reduction
3.3.4.3 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal
3.3.4.4 Reverse micelle method
3.3.4.5 Sol-gel method
3.3.4.6 Sonochemical method
3.3.4.7 Biomimetic methods
3.3.5 Molecular self-assembly
3.3.6 Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film formation
3.4 Stabilization and functionalization of nanoparticles
Review Questions
4. Characterization of Nanomaterials
Part I: Spectroscopic and Scattering Techniques
4.1 Introduction
4.2 UV-Visible and Plasmon Absorption Spectroscopy
4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
4.3.1 Basic concepts
4.3.2 IR spectroscopy of Nanoparticles
4.4 Raman Spectroscopy
4.5 Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
4.5.1 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)
4.5.2 Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS)
4.6 Electron Spectroscopy
4.6.1 X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
4.6.2 Auger Electron Spectra (AES)
4.6.3 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS)
4.7 Scattering Technique
4.7.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
4.7.2 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
4.8 Zeta Potential Analysis
Review Questions
5. Characterization of Nanomaterials
Part II: Microscopic Imaging Techniques
5.1 Introduction: Optical vs Electron microscopy
5.2 Electron Microscopy (EM)
5.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
5.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
5.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
5.3.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
5.3.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
5.4 Confocal Raman Microscopy (CRM)
Review Questions
6. Unique properties of Nanomaterials
6.1 Origin of Unique Properties of Nanomaterials
6.1.1 Quantum Size Effects
6.1.1.1 Tunneling effect
6.1.1.2 Quantum confinement
6. 1.1.3 Density of states
6.1.1.4 Surface plasmon resonance
6.1.2 High surface area
6.2 Electronic Properties
6.3 Electrical Properties
6.3.1 Electrical conductivity
6.3.2 Dielectric properties
6.4 Optical Properties
6.4.1 Basic concepts
6.4.2 Color
6.4.3 Luminescence
6.4.4 Nonlinear optical properties
6.4.5 Transparency in ceramics
6.5 Magnetic Properties
6.5.1 Finite-size effects
6.5.2 Surface effects
6.6 Mechanical Properties
6.7 Thermal Properties
6.7.1 Melting point
6.7.2 Thermal conductivity
6.7.3 Thermodynamics Laws
6.8 Chemical properties
6.8.1 Chemical reactivity
6.9 Self-assembled Supramolecular Nanostructures and their Properties
6.10 Nanocluster and their Properties
Review Questions
7. Impact of Nanoscience on Technology
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Consumer goods
7.2.1 Sports goods
7.2.2 Cosmetics
7.2.3 Textiles
7.3 Health care
7.3.1 Diagnosis
7.3.2 Drug delivery system
7.3.3 Therapy
7.3.4 Tissue and Biomaterial Engineering
7.4 Information & Computer technologies
7.4.1 Integrated circuits
7.4.2 Data storage
7.4.3 Displays
7.5 Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMs)
7.6 Energy
7.6.1 Photovoltaic Technologies for Solar-Energy Harvesting
7.6.2 Artificial Photosynthesis: Production of Solar Fuel
7.6.3 Thermoelectric Energy
7.6.4 Piezoelectric nanomaterials
7.6.5 Fuel Cell
7.6.6 Batteries
7.8 Fuel
7.9 Automobiles
7.10 Defence & Security
7.11 Agriculture
7.12 Food Sector
7.13 Building and Construction material
7.14 Environment and Pollution control
7.14.1 Water purification and Remediation
7.14.2 Air Purification
7.14.3 Oil spill cleaning
7.15 Archaeological Preservation
Review Question
Subject Index
