Chapter 1. General Concepts, Classification, Terminology, and Definitions

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Plant Nutrients

1.3 Fertilizer Grade

1.4 Nutrient Availability

1.5 Fertilizer Regulations 

1.6 Fertilizer Specifications

1.7 Tenriinology and Definitions   

1.8 Fertilizer-Related lnfomiation Sources   

1.9 Resource Publications 

Chapter 2. The Role of Fertilizers in Ag'riculture

2.1 Demand for Agricultural Products and Plant Nutrients   20

2.2 The Soil Resource   

2.3 Concepts of Soil   

2.4 Fundamentals of N, P, and K

2.5 Diagnosis of Nutrient Problems   

2.6 Profitable Fertilizer Use   

2.7 Soil Productivity and Sustainability   

2.8 References

Chapter 3. Status of the Fertilizer Industry   

3.1 Short History of Fertilizer Development 

3.2 Statistical Overview of Fertilizer Production, 1960-95   

3.3 Statistical Overview of Fertilizer Consumption, 1960-95   

3.4 Trends in Fertilizer Trade   

3.5 Trends in Fertilizer Prices   

3.6 Emerging Centers of Fertilizer Production   

3.7 Industry Restructuring in Older Producing Areas   

3.8 References   

Chapter 4. Outlook for the Fertilizer Industry, 1995-2005   

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Recent Economic and Political Developments and Their Impact on

the Fertilizer Industry   

4.3 Future Outlook for Fertilizer   

4.4 Future Outlook for Fertilizer Supply 

4.5 Fertilizer Supply-Demand Balances 

4.6 Summary 

4.7 Price Outlook   

4.8 References 

Chapter 5. Fertilizer Raw Materials and Reserves   

5.1 Availability and Sources of Raw Materials

5.2 Nitrogen   

5.3 Phosphate   

5.4 Sulfur 

5.5 Potash 

5.6 References   

Chapter 6. Production of Ammonia 

6.1 Ammonia Early Process Development

6.2 Physical Properties of Ammonia 

6.3 Feedstock for Ammonia   

6.4 Production Technology of Ammonia

6.5 Partial Oxidation Process of Heavy Hydrocarbons 

6.6 Ammonia From Coal

6.7 Ammonia From Electrolytic Hydrogen   

6.8 Economics-of Ammonia Production

6.9 Future Development of Ammonia Technology 

6.10 References

Chapter 7. Transportation and Storage of

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Ammonia   

7.3 Transportation of 

7.4 References

Chapter 8. Nitric Acid, Nitrates, and Ammonium

8.1 Introduction   

8.2 Nitric Acid   

8.3 Ammonium Nitrate 

8.4 Pollution   

8.5 Production of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate   

8.6 Other Nitrogen Compounds Used as Fertilizers   

8.7 References

Chapter 9. Urea

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Properties of Urea   

9.3 Process Operating Variables

9.4 Urea Processes

9.5 Urea Finishing Processes   

9.6 Economics

9.7 References

Chapter 10. Liquid Fertilizers and Nitrogen Solutions

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Nitrogen

10.3 Fluid Phosphates

10.4 Suspension Fertilizers   

10.5 Specialty Fluid Fertilizers 

10.6 Investment Costs

10.8 References 

Chapter 11. Sulfuric and Phosphoric Acids

11.1 Sulfuric Acid

11.2 Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid   

11.3 Superphosphoric Acid   

11.4 Shipment of Phosphoric Acid   

11.5 Use of Byproduct Gypsum

11.6 Utilization of Fluorine

11.7 Uranium Extraction 

11.8 Purification of Phosphoric Acid

11.9 Production of Phosphoric Acid Using Acids Other Than Sulfuric 

11.10 Phosphoric Acid Production by the Electric Furnace Process   

11.11 Phosphoric Acid Production by the Blast—Fumace Process 

11.12 Wet-Process   

11.13 References

Chapter 12. Fertilizers Derived From Phosphoric

12.1 Introduction 

12.2 Triple Superphosphate

12.3 Ammonium Phosphates

12.4 Nongranular MAP

12.5 Ammonium Polyphosphate  

12.6 Comparative Economics of TSP and DAP   

12.7 Other Fertilizers Made From Phosphoric Acid

12.8 Process Licensors and Contractors

12.9 References

Chapter 13. Nitrophosphate Fertilizers  

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Fundamentals of Nitrophosphates   

13.3 Nitrophosphate Processes  

13.4 Odda Process With Calcium Precipitation   

13.5 The Mixed~Acid Process

13.6 Other Processes

13.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Nitrophosphate Route  

13.8 Development in Quantities and Market Share

13.9 References

Chapter 14. Other Phosphate Fertilizers

14.1 Single Superphosphate

14.2 Phosphate Rock as a Fertilizer

14.3 Basic Slag

14.4 Potassium Phosphates

14.5 Bone Meal

14.6 Fused Calcium Magnesium Phosphate

14.7 Rhenania Phosphate

14.8 Calcium Metaphosphate   

14.9 Dicalcium Phosphate   

14.10 Magnesium Phosphates  

14.11 Urea Superphosphate (USP)

14.12 References

Chapter 15. Potash Fertilizers

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Potash in Agriculture  

15.3 Potash Production, Consumption, and Price   

15.4 Product Quality

15.5 Other Potassium Fertilizers   

15.6 Chemical-Grade Potash

15.7 References

Chapter 16. Compound Fertilizers

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Trends in Supply and Demand for Compound Fertilizers  

16.3 Role of Compound Fertilizers

16.4 Compound Fertilizer Production Technology

16.5 Physical and Chemical Parameters for Producing Agglomerated NPKs

16.6 Processes for Manufacturing Compound Fertilizers

16.7 Unique Requirements for Manufacturing Urea-Based Granular

Compound Fertilizers

16.8 Investment and Operating Costs   

16.9 References

Chapter 17. Secondary Nutrients and Micronutrients

17.1 Secondary Nutrients

17.2 Micronutrients

17.3 Preparation of Fertilizers Containing Micronutrients

17.4 Other Useful Elements

17.5 Acknowledgment

17.6 References

Chapter 18. Physical Properties of Fertilizers

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Physical Properties of Solid Fertilizers

18.3 Physical Properties of Fluid Fertilizers

18.4 References  

Chapter 19. Environmental Protection and Pollution Prevention

19.2 Environmental Issues Related to the Use of Fertilizers

19.3 Environmental Impact of the Fertilizer Industry

19.4 Phosphogypsum

19.5 Environmental lmpact Assessment

19.6 The Role of lntemational Organizations

19.7 Best Available Technology (BAT)

19.8 ISO 14000

19.9 References

Chapter 20. Planning for the Development of a Fertilizer Industry 

20.1 Introduction  

20.2 Strategies and Policies of Fertilizer Industry Development

20.3 Estimates of Demand and Requirements 

20.4 Establishment and Development of the Fertilizer Industry

20.5 Paving the Way to Plant Operation

20.6 References 

Chapter 21. Economics of Fertilizer Manufacture

21.1 Introduction

21.2 The Structure of Investment Costs

21.3 The Structure of Production C0sts

21.4 Financial Analysis

21.5 Economic Analysis  

21.6 Use of Computers for Financial Economic Analysis

21.7 Guidelines for Achieving Well-Established Projects

21.8 References

Chapter 22. Challenges Facing the Fertilizer Industry

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Resolution of Macroeconomic Contradictions

22.3 Fertilizer Production Capacity and Demand

22.4 Transformation From Public to Private  

22.5 Establishment of New Facilities

22.6 Potential for Reducing Fertilizer Costs  

22.7 General Conclusions

22.8 References