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The book is aimed to be a treatise on the Systematic Pomology , the primary component of science of fruits, dealing with identification, nomenclature and classification of fruit species based on the descriptions of characteristics related to their morphological, genetical, physiological, biochemical, biotechnological and eco-attributes. Besides taxonomic narrative of each species under the respective orders and genera, considerable emphasis has been laid on cultivars. The treatment is based on the latest version of Nomenclature and Phylogenetic System of Classification (APG III). The book is richly illustrated with diagrams and colour plates and carries fairly exhaustive bibliography and glossary. Thus, the book is of high academic value for research workers/teachers, students and anyone interested in advanced fruit culture to provide insight in identifying and classifying fruit plants, providing standard nomenclature and terminology, in avoiding the confusion from synonymy and promoting correct labeling, to understand their genetic relations, in establishing or maintaining a garden, a germplasm block, a research orchard or even herbaria, in identification of new genotypes or cultivars for introduction and in deciding orchard management practices as well as methods of utilization, in using the correct related cultivars kept in a genetic resources repository for improvement considering the limits of hybridization, and in selecting genetic material for a breeding programme considering their taxonomic proximities and specific characters related to fruit bearing, regularity, nutritive and edible quality, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and plant stature and form.
R. S. Paroda
Chairman, TAAS, Pusa Campus, New Delhi Formerly, Secretary (DARE) and Director General (ICAR)
Volume-1
PART A
1. Description of plant characters
2. Plant Identification
3. Nomenclature
4. Classification
PART B: GYMNOSPERMAE (GYMNOSPERMS)
5. Ginkgoales
Family Ginkgoaceae
Maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba)
6. Pinales
Family Pinaceae
Chilgoza (Pinus gerardiana)
Stonepine (Pinus pinea)
7. Gnetales
Family Gnetaceae
Spanish joint fir (Gnetum gnemon)
PART C: MAGNOLIOPSIDA (ANGIOSPERMOPSIDA)
[ANGIOSPERMS]
8. Nymphaeales
Family Nymphaeaceae
Gorgan nut (Euryale ferox)
[CORE ANGIOSPERMS – MESANGIOSPERMS]
9. Magnoliales
Family Annonaceae
Cherimoya (Annona cherimola)
Sweet sop (Annona squamosa)
Hanumanphal (Annona atemoya)
Bullock’s heart (Annona reticulata)
Sour sop (Annona muricata)
Soncoya (Annona purpurea)
Ilama (Annona diversifolia)
Wild custard apple (Annona senegalensis)
Pond apple (Annona glabra)
Biriba (Rollinia mucosa)
Burahol (Stelechocarpus burahol)
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)
10. Laurales
Family Lauraceae
Avocado (Persea americana)
LILIOPSIDA: (MONOCOTYLEDONS; MONOCOTS; MONOCOTYLEDONAE)
11. Alismatales
Family Araceae
Ceriman (Monstera deliciosa)
12. Pandanales
Family Pandanaceae
Karuka (Pandanus brosimus)
[COMMELINIDS]
13. Arecales (Palmales)
Family Arecaceae
Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer)
African fan palm (Borassus aethiopum)
Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)
Date sugar palm (Phoenix sylvestris)
Jangli khajur (P. acaulis)
Dwarf date palm (P. humilis, P. reclinata)
Palawat (P. pusilla), Shelu (P. robusta)
False date palm (P. atlantica)
Canary island palm (P. canariensis)
Dwarf date palm (Phoenix reclinata)
Phoenix rupicola
Acai palm (Euterpe oleracea)
Babassu (Attalea speciosa)
Buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa)
Pataua (Oenocarpus bataua)
Pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes)
Rakum palm (Salacca wallichiana)
Salak palm (Salacca zalacca)
Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata)
Tucuma (Astrocaryum aculeatum)
Doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica)
14. Zingiberales
Family Musaceae
Wild plantain (Ensete superba)
Musa species
Musa acuminata
Musa balbisiana
Origin, evolution and distribution of banana and plantain
Morphology of banana plant
Nomenclature & classification of cultivated banana
Banana cultivars
15. Poales
Family Bromeliaceae
Genus Ananas
Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
Horticultural groups
Pineapple cultivars
[EUDICOTS]
16. Ranunculales
Family Berberidaceae
Indian barberry (Berberis aristata DC.)
17. Proteales
Family Nelumbonaceae
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
American lotus (Nelumbo lutea)
Family Proteaceae
Macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia)
Avellano (Gevuina avellana)
[CORE EUDICOTS]
18. Dilleniales
Family Dilleniaceae
Elephant apple (Dillenia indica)
19. Saxifragales
Family Grossulariaceae
European gooseberry (Ribes grossularia)
Currants (Ribes species)
ROSIDS
20. Vitales
Family Vitaceae
Genus Vitis
European or old world grape (Vitis vinifera)
Fox grape (Vitis labrusca)
Summer grape
Amur grape
River bank grape
French-American hybrid grapes
Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia)
[FABIDS: EUROSID I]
21. Zygophyllales
Family Zygophyllaceae
Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca)
22. Fabales
Family Fabaceae (Leguminoceae)
Subfamily Caesalpinioideae
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua)
Yeheb nut (Cordeauxia edulis)
West Indian locust (Hymenaea courbaril)
Subfamily Mimosoideae
Khejri (Prosopis cineraria)
Tree bean (Parkia roxburghii)
African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa)
Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce)
Subfamily Papilinoideae
Tahiti chestnut (Inocarpus edulis)
23. Rosales
Family Rosaceae
Subfamily Rosoideae
Strawberry (Fragaria species)
Rose (Rosa indica)
Rubus species
Brambles
Blackberry
Raspberry
Subfamily Maloideae
Quince (Cydonia oblonga)
Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica)
Medlar (Mespilus germanica)
Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia)
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica)
Pyrus species
European pear (Pyrus communis)
Nashi (Pyrus pyrifolia)
Kainth (Pyrus pashia)
Ussurian pear (Pyrus ussuriensis)
Snow pear (Pyrus nivalis) and Pyrus calleryana
Chinese white pear (Pyrus x bretschneideri)
Malus species
Apple (Malus × domestica)
Service berry (Amelanchier spp.)
Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia)
Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa)
Mayhaw (Crataegus aestivalis)
Subfamily Amygdaloideae
Genus Prunus
Almond (Prunus dulcis)
Peach and Nectarine (Prunus persica)
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
Plums
Asian plum (Prunus salicina)
European plum (Prunus domestica)
American plums
Cherries
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium)
Tart or sour cherry (Prunus cerasus)
Family Elaeagnaceae
Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)
Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia)
Family Rhamnaceae
Genus Ziziphus
Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba)
Sour jujube (Ziziphus acidojujuba)
Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)
Jharber (Ziziphus rotundifolia)
Japanese raisin tree (Hovenia dulcis)
Family Moraceae
Subfamily Moroideae
White mulberry (Morus alba)
Black mulberry (Morus nigra)
Red mulberry (Morus rubra)
Subfamily Aurtocarpoideae
Fig (Ficus carica)
Artocarpus species
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
Monkey jack (Artocarpus lakoocha)
Chempedak (Artocarpus integer)
Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus)
African breadfruit (Treculia africana)
Che (Maclura tricuspidata)
Paper mulberry (Broussonetia spp.)
24. Fagales
Family Fagaceae
Genus Castanea and Chestnut
Chinese hairy chestnut (Castanea mollissima)
American beechnut (Fagus grandifolia)
Family Myricaceae
Kafal (Myrica esculenta)
Family Juglandaceae
Shagbark hickory nut (Carya ovata)
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)
Persian or English walnut (Juglans regia)
Iron walnut (Juglans sigillata)
Butternut (Juglans cinerea)
Japanese or Siebold walnut (Juglans ailantifolia)
Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica)
Chinese walnut (Juglans cathayensis)
Eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra)
North Californian black walnut (Juglans hindsii)
Family Betulaceae
Hazelnut and cobnut
25. Cucurbitales
Family Cucurbitaceae
Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata)
Telfairia nut (Telfairia occidentalis)
Cassabanana (Sicania odorifera)
26. Oxalidales (Connarales)
Family Oxalidaceae
Carambola (Averrhoa carambola)
Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi)
Family Elaeocarpaceae
Ceylon olive (Elaeocarpus serratus)
Indian olive (Elaeocarpus floribundus)
27. Malpighiales
Family Euphorbiaceae
Mogongo nut (Schinziophyton rautanenii)
Castanha de porco (Caryodendron amazonicum)
Orinoco nut (Caryodendron orinocense)
Conophor nut (Tetracarpidium conophorum)
Family Phyllanthaceae
Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica)
Otaheite gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus)
Baccaurea species
Bignay (Antidesma bunius)
Wild loquat (Uapaca kirkiana)
Family Malpighiaceae
Barbados cherry (Malpighia emarginata)
Nance (Byrsonima crassifolia)
Family Chrysobalanaceae
Cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco)
Sansapote (Licania platypus)
Hissing tree (Parinari curatellifolia)
Couepia (Couepia longipendula)
Family Passifloraceae
Passiflora species
Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis)
Purple passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis)
Yellow passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa)
Giant granadilla (Passiflora quadrangularis)
Sweet calabash (Passiflora maliformis)
Banana passionfruit (Passiflora mollissima)
Maypop (Passiflora incarnata)
Water lemon (Passiflora laurifolia)
Sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis)
Family Salicaceae (syn. Flacourtiaceae)
African dove plum (Dovyalis abyssinica)
Kei apple (Dovyalis caffra)
Kitembilla (Dovyalis hebecarpa)
Governor’s plum (Flacourtia indica)
Lovi-lovi (Flacourtia inermis)
Paniala (Flacourtia jangomas)
Rukam (Flacourtia rukam)
Family Caryocaraceae
Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense)
Family Irvingiaceae
Bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis)
Family Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana)
Mundu (Garcinia dulcis)
Gamboge (Garcinia tinctoria)
Som-Khack (Garcinia atrovirdis)
Cerapau (Garcinia prainiana)
Gorakha (Garcinia cambogia)
Imbe (Garcinia livingstonei)
Kokam (Garcinia indica)
Cowphal (Garcinia cowa)
Malabar tamarind (Garcinia gummi-gutta)
Bakuri (Platonia insignis)
Madrono (Rheedia madruno)
Mammee apple (Mammea Americana)
Volume-2
[MALVIDS : EUROSID II]
28. Myrtales
Family Combretaceae
Indian almond (Terminalia catappa)
Baheda (Terminalia bellirica)
Chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula)
Okari nut (Terminalia kaernbachii)
Family Lythraceae (Punicaceae)
Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
Punica protopunica and P. granatum var. nana
Water chestnut (Trapa natans)
Family Myrtaceae
Guava (Psidium guajava)
Psidium cattleianum, yellow strawberry guava (P. cattleianum var. lucidum), Lemon guava (P. cattleianum var. acre), Costarican guava (P. friedrichsthalianum), Puertorican guava (P. microphyllum), P. montanum, P. guayabita and P. fluviatile
Feijoa (Acca sellowiana)
Jamun (Syzygium cumini)
Water apple (Syzygium aqueum)
Java rose apple (Syzygium samarangense)
Rose apple (Syzygium jambos)
Malay rose apple (Eugenia malaccensis)
Pitomba (Eugenia luschnathiana)
Araca-boi (Eugenia stipitata)
Grumichama (Eugenia dombeyi)
Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora)
Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia)
Jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora)
Rumberry (Myrciaria floribunda)
Downy myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)
Chilean cranberry (Ugni molinae)
Allspice (Pimenta dioica)
29. Sapindales
Family Burseraceae
Java almond (Canarium indicum)
Pili nut (Canarium ovatum)
Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum)
Sofou (Dacryodes edulis)
Family Anacardiaceae
Mangifera species
Mango (Mangifera indica)
Binjai (Mangifera caesia)
Horse mango (Mangifera foetida)
Kuwini (Mangifera odorata)
Bambangan (Mangifera pajang)
Gandaria (Bouea gandaria)
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale)
Pistachio (Pistacia vera)
Pistacia terebinthus P. atlantica and P. chinensis
Ambarella (Spondias dulcis)
Yellow mombin (Spondias mombin)
Amra (Spondias pinnata)
Purple mombin (Spondias purpurea)
Marula nut (Sclerocarya birrea)
Chironji (Buchanania lanzan)
Family Sapindaceae
Litchi (Litchi chinensis)
Longan (Dimocarpus longan)
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)
Pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake)
Akee (Blighia sapida)
Mamoncillo (Melicoccus bijugatus)
Fijian longan (Pometia pinnata)
Pitombeira (Talisia esculenta)
Yellow genip (Talisia oliviformis)
Guarana (Paullinia cupana)
Indian horse chestnut (Aesculus indica)
Family Rutaceae
Wampee (Clausena lansium)
Orange Jesamine (Murraya paniculata)
Box orange (Severinia buxifolia)
Kumquats
Large round kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia)
Marumi or Round kumquat (Fortunella japonica)
Nagami or Oval kumquat (Fortunella margarita)
Hong Kong wild kumquat (Fortunella hindsii)
Dwarf kumquat (Fortunella hindsii var. chintou)
Changshou kumquat (Fortunella obovata)
Australian desert lime (Eremocitrus glauca)
Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata)
Mexican orange or Finger lime (Microcitrus australasica)
Red pulp finger lime (Microcitrus australasica)
Australian round lime (Microcitrus australis)
Russel river lime (Microcitrus inodora)
Maiden’s Australian wild lime (Microcitrus maideniana)
Mount white lime (Microcitrus garrowayi)
New Guinea wild lime (Microcitrus warburgiana)
Citrus species
Citron (Citrus medica)
Fingered citron (Citrus medica var. sarcoclactylis)
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
Lemon (Citrus limon)
Limes
Sour lime (Citrus aurantifolia)
Tahiti or Persian lime (Citrus latifolia)
Sweet lime (Citrus limettioides)
Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)
Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu)
King mandarin (C. nobilis)
Mediterranean mandarins (Citrus deliciosa)
Common mandarins (Citrus reticulata)
Calamondin (x Citrofortunella mitis)
Rangpur or Canton lemon (Citrus limonia)
Ugli (C. reticulata x C. maxima or C. x paradisi)
Pummelo (Citrus maxima or C. grandis)
Sweet orange (C. sinensis)
Sour orange (C. aurantium)
Rough lemon or Jambhiri (Citrus jambhiri)
Karna khatta (C. karna)
Bael (Aegle marmelos)
Wood apple (Limonia acidissima)
White sapote (Casimiroa edulis)
Intergeneric hybrids
Intrageneric hybrids
Tangors (C. sinensis x C. reticulata)
Tangelos (C. reticulata x C. paradisi)
Family Meliaceae
Langsat (Lansium domesticum)
Santol (Sandoricum indicum)
30. Malvales
Family Muntingiaceae
Jamaica cherry (Muntingia calabura)
Family Malvaceae
Phalsa (Grewia asiatica or G. subinaequalis)
Durian (Durio zibethinus)
Matisia (Quararibea cordata)
Baobab (Adansonia digitata)
Malabar chestnut (Pachira aquatica)
Kola nut (Cola acuminata)
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum )
31. Brassicales (Capparales)
Family Moringaceae
Drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera)
Family Caricaceae (Papaya family)
Papaya (Carica papaya)
Mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens)
Toronche (Vasconcellea stipulate)
Babaco (Vasconcellea heilbornii)
Chamburo (Vasconcellea × heilbornii var. chrysopetala)
Family Salvadoraceae
Indian mustard tree (Salvadora oleoides)
Family Capparaceae
Ker (Capparis decidua)
32. Santalales
Family Olacaceae
Galo nut (Anacolosa frutescens)
African walnut (Coula edulis)
Tallow wood plum (Ximenia americana)
Family Santalaceae
Quandong (Santalum acuminatum)
33. Caryophyllales
Family Polygonaceae
Seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera L.)
Family Cactaceae (Cactus family)
Prickly pear (Pereskia aculeata)
Barbados gooseberry (Opuntia ficus indica)
Hylocereus species
Pitahaya
Strawberry pear (Hylocerus undatus)
Family Simmondsiaceae
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)
ASTERIDS
34. Cornales
Family Cornaceae (Dogwood family)
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas)
35. Ericales
Family Lecythidaceae
Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa)
Monkey pot (Paradise nut or Sapucaia nut) Lecythis spp. (L. pisonis, L. zabucajo, L. elliptica, L. lanceolata)
Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota)
Khirni (Manilkara hexandra)
Miracle berry (Synsepalum dulcificum)
Argan tree (Argania spinosa)
Shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa)
Star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito)
Mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota)
Canistel (Pouteria campechiana)
Abiu (Pouteria caimito)
Mahua (Madhuca longifolia)
Indian butter tree (Diploknema butyracea)
Family Ebenaceae
Japanese Persimmon (Diospyros kaki)
American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)
West African ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis)
Velvet apple (Diospyros blancoi)
Black sapote (Diospyros digyna)
Date plum (Diospyros lotus)
Mabola persimmon (Diospyros tomentosa and Diospyros discolor)
Family Actinidiaceae
Actinidia species
Kiwifruit
Fuzzy kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
Golden kiwi (Actinidia chinensis)
Hardy kiwi (Actinidia arguta)
Arctic kiwifruit (Actinidia kolomikta)
Family Ericaceae
Cranberry and Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)
Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)
Half high bush berries (V. angustifolium x V. corymbosum)
Rabbiteye blue berries (Vaccinium ashedi)
Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)
Lingon berry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)
[LAMIIDS: EUASTERID I]
36. Rubiales (Gentianales)
Family Rubiaceae
Spanish tamarind (Vangueria madagascariensis)
Borojoa (Borojoa patinoi)
Genipap (Genipa americana)
Family Loganiaceae
Kaffir orange (Strychnos spinosa)
Family Apocynaceae
Karonda (Carissa carandas)
Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa )
Carissa bispinosa and Carissa spinarum
Cow tree (Couma utilis)
37. Boraginales
Family Boraginaceae
Gonda (Cordia myxa)
38. Solanales
Family Solanaceae
Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana)
Tree tomato (Solanum betaceam)
Orinoco apple (Solanum topiro)
Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense)
39. Lamiales
Family Oleaceae (olive family)
Olive (Olea europea)
Family Lamiaceae (mint family)
Black plum (Vitex doniana)
[CAMPANULIDS: EUASTERID II]
40. Dipsacales
Family Adoxaceae syn. Sambucaceae (Elder family)
Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis)
Highbush cranberry (Viburnum trilobum)
REFERENCES
GLOSSARY
SUBJECT INDEX
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