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Blurb

This Manual is the fruit of an enterprise that was initiated in 1990 with the preparation and delivery of a practical course on farm machinery evaluation for scientists of the Mexican National Forestry and Agriculture Research Institute (INIFAP).

Farm mechanisation is one component of agricultural engineering which can be described as the application of all aspects of engineering technology to rural and agricultural development. In many industrialised countries the fruits of research in agricultural sciences have made it possible for agricultural production to exceed national food requirements, and complementary advances in agricultural engineering (especially farm mechanisation) have helped to make the application of these fruits a technical reality.

Millions of impoverished farmers labour at near subsistence level and do not have access to the technical impoverished which would allow them to improve land and labour productivity and raise net farm incomes.

A farm mechanisation innovation will only be accepted by farmers if it provides a solution that the fanner is actively seeking, to a problem keenly felt by the farm family. This means that it must be compatible with the fanning system and the needs of the farm family taking technical, social and economic factors into account.

Section A: Principles And Practices

1.Introduction

2.Measurements

2.1 Basic Measurements

2.1.1time

2.1.2 Mass

2.1.3 Dimensions

2.1.4 Revolutions

2.1.5 Temperature

2.1.6 Electrical

2.2 Derived Measurements

2.2.1 Area

2.2.2 Volume

2.2.3 Force

2.2.4 Pressure

2.2.5 Speed

2.2.6 Torque

2.2.7 Work And Power

2.2.8 Rate Of Work

2.2.9 Rate Of Flow

2.2.10 Fuel Consumption

2.2.11rate Of Application

2.2.12 Output

3.Calibration Of Test Equipment

4.Application Of Measurement Techniques To Testing Procedures

4.1 Selection Of Material For Tests

4.2 Soil Conditions

4.2.1 Soil Texture

4.2. L. L Field Estimation

4.2.2 Bulk Density

4.2.2.Field Estimation Of Bulk Density

4.2.2.2 Sampling Strategy For Bulk Density Measurements

4.2.2.3 Bulk Density And Porosity

4.2.3 Moisture Content

4.2.3.1 Measurement Method

4.2.3.2 Estimation By Feel Method

4.2.4 Mean Clod Diameter

4.2.5 Soil Strength

4.2.5.L Cone Index

4.2.5.2 Shear Strength

4.3 Measurement Of Power

4.3.L Rotary Power

4.3.1.1engine

4.3.1.2 Power Take-Off

4.3.1.3 Machines

4.3.L.4 Electric Motors

4.3.2 Linear

4.3.2.1animal

4.3.2.2 Tractor

4.3.2.3 Machine

4.3.3 Hydraulic

4.3.3.1 Oil

4.3.3.2 Water

4.4 Performance Of Hand Tools

4.4.1performance Tests

4.4.2 Ergonomic Assessments

4.5 Animal Perfomiance

4.6 Machine Performance

4.6.1 Cultivators (Primary And Secondary)

4.6.1.1 General

4.6.1.2 Draft Measurement

4.6.1.3 Machine Capacity And Field Efficiency

4.6.1.4 Soil Inversion

4.6.1.5 Surface Evenness

4.6.2 Seeders And Planters

4.6.2.1 General

4.6.2.2 Laboratory Tests

4.6.2.3 Field Tests

4.6.3 Fertiliser Distributors

4.6.4 Knapsack Sprayers

4.6.5 Field Sprayers

4.6.6 Manual Pumps

4.6.7 Power Operated Pumps

4.6.8 Grain Threshers And Shellers

4.6.9 Combine Harvesters

4.6.10 Animal Carts

5 Ergonomics Appraisal Of Agricultural Equipment

5.1introduction

5.2human Characteristics

5.2. L Body Size

5.2.2 Body Strength

5.3 Energy Demands

5.3.1 Static Workload

5.3.2 Dynamic Workload

5.4 Environmental Factors

5.4.1thermal Stress

5.4.2 Air Quality

5.4.3 Noise

5.4.4 Vibration

5.5 Safety And Comfort

6 Economics

6.1 Calculation Of Costs And Benefits

6.2 Partial Budgets

6.3 Net Present Values And Future Cash Flows

6.4 Variability, Risk And Sensitivity Analysis

6.5 Equilibrium Point Partial Budget

Section B: Test Procedures

7. Power Measurement

8.Procedure For Evaluation Draft Animal Performance

9.Procedure For Evaluation Of Implements For Primary Cultivation

10 Procedure For Evaluation Of Implements For Secondary Cultiv Atio

11 Procedure For Evaluation Of Hand Hoes

12 Procedure For Evaluation Of Seeders And Planters

13 Procedure For Evaluation Of Fertiliser Distributors

14 Procedure For Evaluation Of Knapsack Sprayers

15 Procedure For Evaluation Of Field Sprayers

16 Procedure For Evaluation Of Manually-Operted Pumps

17 Procedure For Of Power Operated Pumps

18 Procedure For Evaluation Of Grain Threshers

19 Procedure For Evaluation Of Maize Shellers

20 Procedure For Evaluation Of Comb1ne Harvesters

21 Procedure For Evaluation Of Animal Carts

22 References

Annex 1 Instrumentation And Equipment

Annex 2 Conversion Factors To Si Units