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This irrigation and drainage paper is intended to provide guidance to national planners and decision-makers, agricultural and municipal managers, field engineers and scientists, health and agricultural field workers, wastewater treatment plant operators and farmers. Consequently, it covers a broad range of relevant material, some in considerable depth but some more superficially. It is meant to encourage the collection, treatment and use of wastewater in agriculture in a safe manner, with maximum advantage taken of this resource. Informal, unplanned and un-organized waste water use is not recommended, nor it is considered advisable from the health or agricultural points of view.

1. WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFLUENT QUALITY PARAMETERS
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Characteristics of Wastewaters
1.3 Quality Parameters of Importance in Agricultural Use of Wastewaters
2. WASTEWATER QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR AGRICULTURE USE
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Human Exposurer Control
2.3 Effluent Quality Guidelines for Health Protection
2.4 Water Quality Guidelines for Maximum Crop Production
2.5 Health Protection Measures in Aquacultural Use of Wastewater
3. WASTEWATER TREATMENT
3.1 The Problem
3.2 Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes
3.3 Natural Biological Treatment Systems
4. AQUIFER RECHARGE WITH WASTEWATER
4.1 Principles
4.2 Operations
4.3 Effects
5. IRRIGATION WITH WASTEWATER
5.1 Conditions for Successful Irrigation
5.2 Strategies for Managing Treated Wastewater on the Farm
5.3 Crop Selection
5.4 Selection of Irrigation Methods
5.5 Field Management Practies in Wastewater Irrigation
5.6 Planning for Wastewater Irrigation
6. AGRICULTURAL USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE
6.1 Characteristic of Sewage Sludge
6.2 Sludge Treatment
6.3 Sludge Application
6.4 Effects of Sludge on soils and crops
6.5 Planting, Grazing and Harvesting Constraints
6.6 Environmental Protection
7. WASTEWATER USE IN AQUACULTURE
7.1 Biota in Aquaculture Ponds
7.2 Technical Aspects of Fish Culture
8. ECONOMIC, INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY ISSUES
8.1 Economic and Financial Implications
8.2 Institutional Organization
8.3 Policy Issues
9. WASTEWATER USE CASE STUDIES
9.1 Advanced Wastewater Treatment: California, USA
9.2 Wastewater Treatment in Stabilization Ponds: A1 Samra, Jordan
9.3 Soil-aquifer Treatment: Arizona, USA
9.4 Wastewater Treatment and Crop Restriction: Tunisia
9.5 Wastewater Treatment and Human Exposure Control: Kuwait
9.6 Crop Restriction for Wastewater Irrigation: Maxico
9.7 Wastewater Use in Aquaculture: Calcutta, India
References