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Biological Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles and Their Applications

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Biological Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles and Their Applications

R. Indira Iyer , Siddhartha Singha & K. Deepa

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Nanoparticles have immense commercial importance. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticle from diverse groups of organisms is of great interest since the methodology is simple and hazard-free. The obtained nanoparticles are free from toxic residues and are bio-compatible. The book offers an overview of various aspects of biological synthesis of the inorganic nanoparticles-gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper oxide, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and carbon nanostructures by different biological systems and their suitability for application in various fields especially in biomedicine and environmental protection. The diversity of biomolecules in these bioresources can facilitate biomanufacturing of nanoparticles of suitable size and geometry by regulating reaction parameters.

The book also offers an insight into the use of callus cultures which are renewable bio-resources for the axenic synthesis of nanoparticles suitable for therapeutic applications. In several studies the biogenic nanoparticles have been found to be superior to nanoparticles synthesized by conventional methods. Hence studies on the current status of biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles and their applications will facilitate future research to achieve biomanufacturing of nanoparticles for various beneficial uses. It is suitable as a reference book for researchers. It is useful as a textbook for post-graduate and undergraduate students. Each chapter has several questions to stimulate the interest of students. There are also simple laboratory protocols for biogenic synthesis.

About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgement
List of Abbreviations

1 Introduction
Introduction
1.2. Types of Nanoparticles
          1.2.1. Metal-based nanoparticles
          1.2.2. Carbon nanostructures
          1.2.3. Metallic quantum dots
          1.2.4. Organic NPs
                       1.2.4.1. Polymer nanoparticles
                        1.2.4.2. Liposome NPs
                       1.2.4.3. Dendrimers
                       1.2.4.4. Chitosan NPs
                       1.2.4.5. Silk fibroin nanoparticles
                       1.2.4.6. Curcumin NPs
           1.2.5. Core-shell nanoparticles
1.3. Characterization of Nanoparticles
1.4. Biogenic Synthesis and Applications of Biogenic Nanoparticles
1.5. Conclusion
References
Questions

2 Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
2.1.  Introduction
2.2. Biosynthesis of AuNPs
2.3. Biogenic Synthesis of AuNPs Mediated by Extracts of Higher Plants (Angiosperms)
          2.3.1. Biogenic synthesis mediated by leaf extracts
          2.3.2. Biogenic synthesis of AuNPs mediated by fruit extracts
          2.3.3. Biogenic synthesis of AuNPs mediated by seed extracts
          2.3.4. Biogenic synthesis of AuNPs mediated by flower extracts ....................
          2.3.5. Biogenic synthesis of AuNPs mediated by pollen
          2.3.6. Biogenic synthesis of AuNPs mediated by stem and rhizome extracts
          2.3.7. Biogenic synthesis of AuNPs mediated by bark extracts
          2.3.8. Biogenic synthesis of AuNPs mediated by extracts of entire plants
          2.3.9. Biogenic synthesis of AuNPs mediated by specific biomolecules/essential oils, gums, by-products from angiosperms
2.4. Biogenic Synthesis of AuNPs by Extracts of Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
2.5. Biogenic Synthesis of AuNPs by Algae
2.6. Biogenic Synthesis of AuNPs by Fungi
2.7. Biogenic Synthesis of AuNPs by Lichens
2.8. Biogenic Synthesis of AuNPs by Bacteria
2.9. Conclusion
References
Questions
Laboratory Exercise

3 Applications of Biogenic Gold Nanoparticles
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Applications of Biogenic AuNPs
        3.2.1. Photoluminescence
        3.2.2. Bio-sensors
        3.2.3. Neuroprotective effect, anti-alcoholism, anti-fibrillation and anti-AD effect
        3.2.4. Anti-leishmanial effect
        3.2.5. Dye degradation
        3.2.6. Antioxidant activity
        3.2.7. AuNPs and cancer therapy
                  3.2.7.1. Photothermal therapy and hyperthermia
                  3.2.7.2. Drug delivery
                  3.2.7.3. Radiotherapy
                  3.2.7.4. Theranostics
                  3.2.7.5. Apoptosis and regulation of gene expression
                  3.2.7.6. Cytotoxic effects
3.2.8. Anti-diabetic effect
3.2.9. Scolicidal agents
3.3. Conclusion
References
Questions

4 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Biosynthesis of AgNPs
4.3. Biogenic Synthesis of AgNPs Mediated by Extracts of Higher Plants (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms)
         4.3.1. Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs by leaf extracts
         4.3.2. Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs mediated by fruit extracts
         4.3.3. Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs mediated by seeds
         4.3.4. Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs mediated by extracts of flowers
         4.3.5. Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs mediated by extract of pollen
         4.3.6. Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs mediated by bark extracts
         4.3.7. Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs mediated by root extracts
         4.3.8. Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs mediated by root hair extract
         4.3.9. Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs mediated by extracts of underground stems
         4.3.10. Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs mediated by extracts of stems/entire plants
         4.3.11. Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs mediated by extract of latex
4.4. Biogenic Synthesis of AgNPs by Algae
4.5. Biogenic Synthesis of AgNPs by Fungi
4.6. Biogenic Synthesis of AgNPs by Bacteria
4.7. Conclusion
References
Questions
Laboratory Exercise

5 Applications of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Applications of AgNPs
         5.2.1. Anti-bacterial effect
         5.2.2. Antifungal effect
         5.2.3. Anti-TB activity
         5.2.4. Anti-biofilm activity
         5.2.5. Anti-leishmanial activity
         5.2.6. Mosquito larvicidal activity
         5.2.7. Anti-cancer effect
         5.2.8. Drug delivery
         5.2.9. Cancer theranostics
         5.2.10. Detection of bacteria
         5.2.11. Environmental remediation
                         5.2.11.1. Heavy metal (Hg) detection and removal.
                         5.2.11.2. Potential for water purification
                         5.2.11.3. Anti-algal effect
                         5.2.11.4. Dye degradation
           5.2.12. Wound healing
           5.2.13. Anti-microbial coatings in textiles
           5.2.14. Plant growth-promoting activity
           5.2.15. Anti-oxidant effect
5.3. Conclusion
References
Questions
Laboratory Exercise

6 Biological Synthesis and Applications of Platinum, Palladium, Copper, Copper Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Biological Synthesis
6.3. Biogenic Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles
6.4. Biogenic Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles
6.5. Biogenic Synthesis of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
6.6. Biogenic Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
6.7. Conclusion
References
Questions

7 Microwave-Assisted Biological Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Microwave-Assisted Biogenic Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
        7.2.1. Preparation of plant extract    
                    7.2.1.1. Conventional extraction
                    7.2.1.2. Microwave-assisted extraction
        7.2.2. Microwave-assisted synthesis
7.3. Microwave-Assisted Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
7.4. Microwave-Assisted Biogenic Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
7.5. Microwave-Assisted Biogenic Synthesis of Other Metal and Inorganic Nanoparticles
7.6. Conclusion
References
Questions
Laboratory Exercise

8 Callus - Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Biogenic Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Callus Extracts
         8.2.1. Establishment of Callus
         8.2.2. Extraction of callus
         8.2.3. Nanoparticle Preparation
8.3. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Callus Extracts
8.4. Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Callus Extracts
8.5. Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Callus Extracts
8.6. Conclusion
References
Questions
Laboratory Exercises
Laboratory Exercise No. 1
Laboratory Exercise No. 2

9 Biogenic Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Biosynthesis of Carbon Dots
         9.2.1. Biosynthesis of carbon dots from plants
         9.2.2. Biosynthesis of carbon dots from other common marketed food products, by-products and bio-based resources
         9.2.3. Carbon nanodots from waste materials and environmental pollutants
9.3. Biological Synthesis of Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDS) and Graphene
9.4. Carbon Nanotubes
9.5. Conclusion
References
Questions

10 Impact of Nanoparticles on Plants
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Effects of Nanoparticles as Sterilizing Agents in Tissue Culture Media
10.3. Effects of Nanoparticles on Callus
10.4. Effects of Nanoparticles on Mitigation of Heavy-Metal Induced Toxicities in Plants
10.5. Effects of Nanoparticles on Secondary Metabolite Production
10.6. Effects of Nanoparticles on Growth
10.7. Nanoparticles and Improved Crop Productivity and Disease Control
10.8. Nanomaterials and Gene Expression
10.9. Conclusion
References
Questions
Glossary
Subject Index

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