About the Book .......................................................................................................iii
About Authors .........................................................................................................v
Preface ..................................................................................................................vii
Abbreviations .........................................................................................................ix
List of Figures ........................................................................................................xi
List of Tables ........................................................................................................xiii
1. INTRODUCTION – M.P. Divya and C.N.
Hari Prasath..........................1
Classification of Non-Timber Forest
Products...............................................1
Scope and importance of
NTFP......................................................................2
Status of
NTFP................................................................................................2
Livelihood significance of
NTFP....................................................................4
Challenges and Emerging
Issues....................................................................5
Role of Tribal Co-Operative Societies
in NTFP ............................................6
Main functions of LAMPS
...........................................................................8
Suggested
Readings........................................................................................9
2. FIBRES AND FLOSSES – M.P. Divya and
R. Ravi.................................11
Fibres
...........................................................................................................11
Classification of
Fibres..................................................................................11
Fibre Extraction
Methods.............................................................................18
Retting process of fibre
extraction................................................................19
Flosses..........................................................................................................22
Suggested
Readings......................................................................................24
3. GUMS AND RESINS – M.P. Divya and
C.N. Hari Prasath...................25
Gums
..........................................................................................................25
Kinds of
Gums..............................................................................................26
Gum Yielding
Species..................................................................................26
Miscellaneous gum yielding
species............................................................30
Gum Tapping Methods.................................................................................30
Applications/ Uses of tree
gum....................................................................34
Resins
...........................................................................................................34
Classification of
Resins................................................................................35
Resin yielding species
.................................................................................36
Harvesting and Extraction of
Resin..............................................................40
Tapping methods in
India.............................................................................41
Tapping methods in Pine
trees......................................................................41
Processing and Value addition of
Resins......................................................44
Storage of
Rosin...........................................................................................45
Properties of Rosin.......................................................................................45
Applications of
Rosin...................................................................................46
Turpentine.....................................................................................................46
Suggested
Readings......................................................................................47
4. TANNINS – M.P. Divya and C.N. Hari
Prasath......................................49
Structure of
Tannin.......................................................................................49
Occurrence....................................................................................................50
Tannins in Plant Tissues................................................................................50
Properties of
Tannin......................................................................................51
Classification of
Tannin................................................................................51
Tannin Identification
Test.............................................................................58
Tannin Extraction
Methods...........................................................................59
Opportunity and Challenge of tannin
extraction..........................................65
Applications of
Tannin..................................................................................65
Suggested
Readings......................................................................................66
5. NATURAL DYES – V. Priyanka and B.
Vinothini..................................67
Status of Natural Dyes in India
....................................................................68
Classification of Natural Dyes ....................................................................68
Extraction Techniques
.................................................................................73
Techniques for Standardization of
Natural Dyes..........................................76
Standardization of Dye
Extraction...............................................................76
Applications of natural dyes
.......................................................................77
Advantages of natural
dyes...........................................................................78
Drawbacks of natural
dyes...........................................................................78
Suggested
Readings......................................................................................81
6. ESSENTIAL OILS – M.P. Divya and P.
Hemalatha...............................83
Extraction
Methods.......................................................................................86
Modern Methods of Extraction
....................................................................96
Uses of Essential
Oils...................................................................................97
Suggested
Readings......................................................................................98
7. TREE BORNE OIL SEEDS – M.P. Divya
and S. Krishnamoorthi.......99
Salient Features of the National
Biofuel Policy.........................................100
Processing of
TBOs....................................................................................101
Extraction
Methods.....................................................................................103
Biofuels.......................................................................................................106
Biofuel Extraction Method.........................................................................106
Suggested
Readings....................................................................................108
8. LAC AND SHELLAC – V. Priyanka and
B. Vinothini.........................109
Biology of Insect in Lac
Cultivation..........................................................109
Distribution of Lac
Insects..........................................................................110
Status of Raw Lac Production
...................................................................110
Host Plants
.................................................................................................110
Strains of Lac Insect
..................................................................................111
Lac Cultivation
..........................................................................................112
Propagation of Lac Insects
.........................................................................114
Composition of Lac ...................................................................................115
Lac Processing
...........................................................................................116
Lac Products and its
Uses............................................................................118
Suggested Readings
..................................................................................122
9. MEDICINAL PLANTS AND DRUGS – M.P.
Divya and P.
Hemalatha.............................................................................................123
Classification of Plant
Drugs......................................................................124
Extraction of Plant
Drugs...........................................................................130
Methods of Extraction
..............................................................................133
Fractionation and Purification
Methods.....................................................136
Types of value addition
.............................................................................137
Value added products from Medicinal
Plants.............................................138
Suggested
Readings....................................................................................140
10. SPICES AND EDIBLE FRUITS – M.P.
Divya and R. Ravi.................141
Spices
..........................................................................................................141
Major
Spices...............................................................................................141
Value added products
.................................................................................143
Value added products from major
spices....................................................145
Edible Fruits ..............................................................................................146
Suggested
Readings....................................................................................156
11. BAMBOOS, CANES AND GRASSES – C.N.
Hari Prasath and M.P. Divya
Divya.................................................................................................157
Bamboos
....................................................................................................157
Important Bamboo
Species.........................................................................159
Grasses
.......................................................................................................167
Suitable Grasses for Paper
Making............................................................169
Other suitable
grasses.................................................................................169
Canes
..........................................................................................................174
Important Cane Species..............................................................................176
Propagation of Canes
................................................................................178
Uses of
Canes.............................................................................................181
Suggested
Readings....................................................................................182
12. BIDI LEAVES-C.N. Hariprasatnh and
M.P. Divya..............................183
Distribution of bidi
leaves..........................................................................183
Collection of
leaves....................................................................................185
Drying and curing of leaves
......................................................................185
Packaging and storage
..............................................................................186
Marketing of bidi
Leaves............................................................................186
Trade of tendu leaves in
India.....................................................................186
Quality Classes
.........................................................................................187
Measures for increasing tendu leaf
production .........................................187
Disposal of tendu leaves
...........................................................................189
Utilization of leaves
..................................................................................190
Other bidi leaves
.......................................................................................190
Suggested
Readings....................................................................................191
13. DONA MAKING- V. Priyanka and B.
Vinothini...................................193
Suitable tree species for dona
making........................................................194
Dona Manufacturing Process
.....................................................................197
Suggested Readings....................................................................................199
14. ANIMAL PRODUCTS-M.P. Divya and S.
Krishnamoorthi................201
1. Bee Keeping
...........................................................................................201
Important bee species
...............................................................................202
Bee Products
.............................................................................................203
2. Sericulture ..............................................................................................211
Silks of
India................................................................................................211
Silk Production
.........................................................................................213
Silkworm rearing
......................................................................................214
Value
addition.............................................................................................223
Suggested
Readings....................................................................................224
15. MINERAL PRODUCTS- M.P. Divya and
M. Packialakshmi..............225
Types of
minerals........................................................................................225
Suggested Readings
..................................................................................232
