About the Book .......................................................................................................iii

About Authors .........................................................................................................v

Preface ..................................................................................................................vii

Abbreviations .........................................................................................................ix

List of Figures ........................................................................................................xi

List of Tables ........................................................................................................xiii

1. INTRODUCTION – M.P. Divya and C.N. Hari Prasath..........................1

Classification of Non-Timber Forest Products...............................................1

Scope and importance of NTFP......................................................................2

Status of NTFP................................................................................................2

Livelihood significance of NTFP....................................................................4

Challenges and Emerging Issues....................................................................5

Role of Tribal Co-Operative Societies in NTFP ............................................6

Main functions of LAMPS ...........................................................................8

Suggested Readings........................................................................................9

2. FIBRES AND FLOSSES – M.P. Divya and R. Ravi.................................11

Fibres ...........................................................................................................11

Classification of Fibres..................................................................................11

Fibre Extraction Methods.............................................................................18

Retting process of fibre extraction................................................................19

Flosses..........................................................................................................22

Suggested Readings......................................................................................24

3. GUMS AND RESINS – M.P. Divya and C.N. Hari Prasath...................25

Gums ..........................................................................................................25

Kinds of Gums..............................................................................................26

Gum Yielding Species..................................................................................26

Miscellaneous gum yielding species............................................................30

Gum Tapping Methods.................................................................................30

Applications/ Uses of tree gum....................................................................34

Resins ...........................................................................................................34

Classification of Resins................................................................................35

Resin yielding species .................................................................................36

Harvesting and Extraction of Resin..............................................................40

Tapping methods in India.............................................................................41

Tapping methods in Pine trees......................................................................41

Processing and Value addition of Resins......................................................44

Storage of Rosin...........................................................................................45

Properties of Rosin.......................................................................................45

Applications of Rosin...................................................................................46

Turpentine.....................................................................................................46

Suggested Readings......................................................................................47

4. TANNINS – M.P. Divya and C.N. Hari Prasath......................................49

Structure of Tannin.......................................................................................49

Occurrence....................................................................................................50

Tannins in Plant Tissues................................................................................50

Properties of Tannin......................................................................................51

Classification of Tannin................................................................................51

Tannin Identification Test.............................................................................58

Tannin Extraction Methods...........................................................................59

Opportunity and Challenge of tannin extraction..........................................65

Applications of Tannin..................................................................................65

Suggested Readings......................................................................................66

5. NATURAL DYES – V. Priyanka and B. Vinothini..................................67

Status of Natural Dyes in India ....................................................................68

Classification of Natural Dyes ....................................................................68

Extraction Techniques .................................................................................73

Techniques for Standardization of Natural Dyes..........................................76

Standardization of Dye Extraction...............................................................76

Applications of natural dyes .......................................................................77

Advantages of natural dyes...........................................................................78

Drawbacks of natural dyes...........................................................................78

Suggested Readings......................................................................................81

6. ESSENTIAL OILS – M.P. Divya and P. Hemalatha...............................83

Extraction Methods.......................................................................................86

Modern Methods of Extraction ....................................................................96

Uses of Essential Oils...................................................................................97

Suggested Readings......................................................................................98

7. TREE BORNE OIL SEEDS – M.P. Divya and S. Krishnamoorthi.......99

Salient Features of the National Biofuel Policy.........................................100

Processing of TBOs....................................................................................101

Extraction Methods.....................................................................................103

Biofuels.......................................................................................................106

Biofuel Extraction Method.........................................................................106

Suggested Readings....................................................................................108

8. LAC AND SHELLAC – V. Priyanka and B. Vinothini.........................109

Biology of Insect in Lac Cultivation..........................................................109

Distribution of Lac Insects..........................................................................110

Status of Raw Lac Production ...................................................................110

Host Plants .................................................................................................110

Strains of Lac Insect ..................................................................................111

Lac Cultivation ..........................................................................................112

Propagation of Lac Insects .........................................................................114

Composition of Lac ...................................................................................115

Lac Processing ...........................................................................................116

Lac Products and its Uses............................................................................118

Suggested Readings ..................................................................................122

9. MEDICINAL PLANTS AND DRUGS – M.P. Divya and P.

Hemalatha.............................................................................................123

Classification of Plant Drugs......................................................................124

Extraction of Plant Drugs...........................................................................130

Methods of Extraction ..............................................................................133

Fractionation and Purification Methods.....................................................136

Types of value addition .............................................................................137

Value added products from Medicinal Plants.............................................138

Suggested Readings....................................................................................140

10. SPICES AND EDIBLE FRUITS – M.P. Divya and R. Ravi.................141

Spices ..........................................................................................................141

Major Spices...............................................................................................141

Value added products .................................................................................143

Value added products from major spices....................................................145

Edible Fruits ..............................................................................................146

Suggested Readings....................................................................................156

11. BAMBOOS, CANES AND GRASSES – C.N. Hari Prasath and M.P. Divya

Divya.................................................................................................157

Bamboos ....................................................................................................157

Important Bamboo Species.........................................................................159

Grasses .......................................................................................................167

Suitable Grasses for Paper Making............................................................169

Other suitable grasses.................................................................................169

Canes ..........................................................................................................174

Important Cane Species..............................................................................176

Propagation of Canes ................................................................................178

Uses of Canes.............................................................................................181

Suggested Readings....................................................................................182

12. BIDI LEAVES-C.N. Hariprasatnh and M.P. Divya..............................183

Distribution of bidi leaves..........................................................................183

Collection of leaves....................................................................................185

Drying and curing of leaves ......................................................................185

Packaging and storage ..............................................................................186

Marketing of bidi Leaves............................................................................186

Trade of tendu leaves in India.....................................................................186

Quality Classes .........................................................................................187

Measures for increasing tendu leaf production .........................................187

Disposal of tendu leaves ...........................................................................189

Utilization of leaves ..................................................................................190

Other bidi leaves .......................................................................................190

Suggested Readings....................................................................................191

13. DONA MAKING- V. Priyanka and B. Vinothini...................................193

Suitable tree species for dona making........................................................194

Dona Manufacturing Process .....................................................................197

Suggested Readings....................................................................................199

14. ANIMAL PRODUCTS-M.P. Divya and S. Krishnamoorthi................201

1. Bee Keeping ...........................................................................................201

Important bee species ...............................................................................202

Bee Products .............................................................................................203

2. Sericulture ..............................................................................................211

Silks of India................................................................................................211

Silk Production .........................................................................................213

Silkworm rearing ......................................................................................214

Value addition.............................................................................................223

Suggested Readings....................................................................................224

15. MINERAL PRODUCTS- M.P. Divya and M. Packialakshmi..............225

Types of minerals........................................................................................225

Suggested Readings ..................................................................................232